feat: replace game schedules with logical ticks

2026-08-03 05:13:47 +00:00
69 changed files with 1617 additions and 520 deletions
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

 [$turntime, $tnmt_time] = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['turntime','tnmt_time']);
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$turntimeDisplay = $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($turntime), true);
+$tnmtTimeDisplay = $tnmt_time === null ? '-' : $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($tnmt_time), true);

 $plock = $db->queryFirstField('SELECT plock FROM plock WHERE `type` ="GAME"');
 ?>
@@ -30,8 +33,8 @@ $plock = $db->queryFirstField('SELECT plock FROM plock WHERE `type` ="GAME"');
 </head>
 <body>
    <form action=_119_b.php method=post>
-    시간조정 : <input type=text size=3 name=minute><input type=submit name=btn value='분당김'><input type=submit name=btn value='분지연'> 최종갱신 : <?=$turntime?><br>
-    시간조정 : <input type=text size=3 name=minute2><input type=submit name=btn value='토너분당김'><input type=submit name=btn value='토너분지연'> 토너먼트 : <?=$tnmt_time?><br>
+    시간조정 : <input type=text size=3 name=minute><input type=submit name=btn value='분당김'><input type=submit name=btn value='분지연'> 최종갱신 : <?=$turntimeDisplay?> (tick <?=$turntime?>)<br>
+    시간조정 : <input type=text size=3 name=minute2><input type=submit name=btn value='토너분당김'><input type=submit name=btn value='토너분지연'> 토너먼트 : <?=$tnmtTimeDisplay?> (tick <?=$tnmt_time?>)<br>
    봉급지급 : <input type=submit name=btn value='금지급'><input type=submit name=btn value='쌀지급'><br>
    락 풀 기 : <input type=submit name=btn value='락걸기'><input type=submit name=btn value='락풀기'> 현재 : <?=$plock>0?"동결중":"가동중"?><br>
    </form>
@@ -38,21 +38,9 @@ switch ($btn) {
            usleep(500000);
        }

-        $gameStor->cacheValues(['turntime', 'starttime', 'tnmt_time']);
-        $turntime = (new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->turntime))->sub(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"));
-        $starttime = (new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->starttime))->sub(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"));
-        $tnmt_time = (new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->tnmt_time))->sub(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"));
-
-        $gameStor->turntime = $turntime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
-        $gameStor->starttime = $starttime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-        $gameStor->tnmt_time = $tnmt_time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-
-        $db->update('general', [
-            'turntime' => $db->sqleval('DATE_SUB(turntime, INTERVAL %i MINUTE)', $minute)
-        ], true);
-        $db->update('ng_auction', [
-            'close_date' => $db->sqleval('DATE_SUB(close_date, INTERVAL %i MINUTE)', $minute)
-        ], 'finished = 0');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        // 스케줄 전체를 벽시계에서 빼지 않고 논리 현재 tick만 앞으로 이동합니다.
+        $clock->advance($gameStor, $clock->ticksFromMinutes($minute));
        if ($locked) {
            unlock();
        }
@@ -66,34 +54,19 @@ switch ($btn) {
            }
            usleep(500000);
        }
-        $gameStor->cacheValues(['turntime', 'starttime', 'tnmt_time']);
-        $turntime = (new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->turntime))->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"));
-        $starttime = (new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->starttime))->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"));
-        $tnmt_time = (new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->tnmt_time))->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"));
-
-        $gameStor->turntime = $turntime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
-        $gameStor->starttime = $starttime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-        $gameStor->tnmt_time = $tnmt_time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-
-        $db->update('general', [
-            'turntime' => $db->sqleval('DATE_ADD(turntime, INTERVAL %i MINUTE)', $minute)
-        ], true);
-        $db->update('ng_auction', [
-            'close_date' => $db->sqleval('DATE_ADD(close_date, INTERVAL %i MINUTE)', $minute)
-        ], 'finished = 0');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $clock->advance($gameStor, -$clock->ticksFromMinutes($minute));
        if ($locked) {
            unlock();
        }
        break;
    case "토너분당김":
-        $tnmt_time = new \DateTime($gameStor->tnmt_time);
-        $tnmt_time->sub(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute2}M"));
-        $gameStor->tnmt_time = $tnmt_time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $gameStor->tnmt_time = Util::toInt($gameStor->tnmt_time) - $clock->ticksFromMinutes($minute2);
        break;
    case "토너분지연":
-        $tnmt_time = new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->tnmt_time);
-        $tnmt_time->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute2}M"));
-        $gameStor->tnmt_time = $tnmt_time->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $gameStor->tnmt_time = Util::toInt($gameStor->tnmt_time) + $clock->ticksFromMinutes($minute2);
        break;
    case "금지급":
        processGoldIncome();
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ $admin = getAdmin();
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td width=110 align=right>시작시간변경</td>
-        <td width=285><input type=text size=20 maxlength=20 style=color:white;background-color:black;text-align:right; name=starttime value='<?=substr($admin['starttime'], 0, 19)?>'><input type=submit name=btn value=변경1></td>
+        <td width=285><input type=text size=20 maxlength=20 style=color:white;background-color:black;text-align:right; name=starttime value='<?=substr($admin['starttime_display'], 0, 19)?>'><input type=submit name=btn value=변경1></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td width=110 align=right>최대 장수</td>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ $admin = getAdmin();
        <td width=110 align=right>시작 년도</td>
        <td width=285><input type=text size=3 maxlength=3 style=color:white;background-color:black;text-align:right; name=startyear value='<?=$admin['startyear']?>'><input type=submit name=btn value=변경4></td>
        <td width=110 align=right>최근 갱신 시간</td>
-        <td width=285>&nbsp;<?=$admin['turntime']?></td>
+        <td width=285>&nbsp;<?=$admin['turntime_display']?> (tick <?=$admin['turntime']?>)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td width=110 align=right>턴시간</td>
@@ -43,7 +43,12 @@ switch ($btn) {
        pushGlobalHistoryLog(["<R>★</><S>{$log}</>"]);
        break;
    case "변경1":
-        $gameStor->starttime = (new \DateTime($starttime))->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $gameStor->clock_base_time = TimeUtil::format(GameClock::baseTimeForProjection(
+            new \DateTimeImmutable($starttime),
+            Util::toInt($gameStor->starttime),
+            $clock->getTurnTermMinutes(),
+        ), true);
        break;
    case "변경2":
        $gameStor->maxgeneral = $maxgeneral;
@@ -78,4 +83,4 @@ switch ($btn) {
        break;
 }

-header('location:_admin1.php');
+header('location:_admin1.php');
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
        ], '`no` IN %li', $genlist);
        break;
    case "강제 사망":
-        $date = TimeUtil::now(true);
+        $date = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick();
        $db->update('general', [
            'killturn' => 0,
            'turntime' => $date,
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ if ($session->userGrade < 6) {
 }

 $db = DB::db();
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));

 if ($btn == '정렬하기') {
    $gen = 0;
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ $generalObj = General::createObjFromDB($gen, null, GeneralQueryMode::FullWithAcc
                    대상장수 :
                    <select name=gen size=1>
                        <?php foreach ($generalBasicList as $general) : ?>
-                            <option <?= $gen == $general['no'] ? 'selected' : '' ?> value='<?= $general['no'] ?>'><?= $general['name'] ?> (<?= substr($general['turntime'], 14, 5) ?>)</option>
+                            <option <?= $gen == $general['no'] ? 'selected' : '' ?> value='<?= $general['no'] ?>'><?= $general['name'] ?> (<?= substr($clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($general['turntime'])), 14, 5) ?>)</option>
                        <?php endforeach; ?>
                    </select>
                    <input type=submit name=btn value='조회하기'>
@@ -179,4 +180,4 @@ $generalObj = General::createObjFromDB($gen, null, GeneralQueryMode::FullWithAcc
    </table>
 </body>

-</html>
+</html>
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
 increaseRefresh("현재도시", 1);

-$lastExecute = substr($gameStor->turntime, 5, 14);
+$lastExecute = substr(GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(Util::toInt($gameStor->turntime)), 5, 14);

 $me = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT no,nation,officer_level,city from general where owner=%i', $userID);
 $myNation = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT nation,level,spy FROM nation WHERE nation=%i', $me['nation']) ?? [
@@ -537,4 +537,4 @@ $templates = new \League\Plates\Engine('templates');
                            </table>
 </body>

-</html>
+</html>
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ $templates = new \League\Plates\Engine('templates');
    );

    $generalTurnList = [];
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);

    foreach ($db->queryAllLists(
        'SELECT general_id, turn_idx, brief FROM general_turn WHERE general_id IN %li AND turn_idx < 5 ORDER BY general_id ASC, turn_idx ASC',
@@ -142,6 +143,7 @@ $templates = new \League\Plates\Engine('templates');

    $genCntEff = 0;
    foreach ($generals as &$general) {
+        $general['turntime'] = $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($general['turntime']), true);
        $general['cityText'] = CityConst::byID($general['city'])->name;
        $general['troopText'] = $troopName[$general['troop']] ?? '-';

@@ -284,4 +286,4 @@ $templates = new \League\Plates\Engine('templates');
    </table>
 </body>

-</html>
+</html>
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ $userID = Session::getUserID();
 $generalID = $session->generalID;

 $db = DB::db();
-$gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
-$gameStor->cacheValues(['turntime', 'opentime', 'autorun_user', 'npcmode']);
+$gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$gameStor->cacheValues(['turntime', 'opentime', 'autorun_user', 'npcmode']);
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$nowTick = $clock->nowTick();

 $me = General::createObjFromDB($generalID, null, GeneralQueryMode::FullWithAccessLog);

@@ -40,27 +42,29 @@ $lastRefresh = $db->queryFirstField(
 );

 $nextChange = $me->getAuxVar('next_change');
-if (!is_string($nextChange) || $nextChange === '') {
+if (!is_int($nextChange)) {
    $nextChange = null;
 }
+$nextChangeDisplay = $nextChange === null ? null : $clock->formatTick($nextChange);

 increaseRefresh("내정보", 1);
 if ($gameStor->turntime <= $gameStor->opentime) {
    $targetTime = $me->getAuxVar('prestart_delete_after');
-    if (!is_string($targetTime) || $targetTime === '') {
+    if (!is_int($targetTime)) {
        $targetTime = addTurn(
-            $lastRefresh ?: TimeUtil::now(),
+            $lastRefresh === null ? $nowTick : Util::toInt($lastRefresh),
            $gameStor->turnterm,
            GameConst::$minTurnDieOnPrestart
        );
        $me->setAuxVar('prestart_delete_after', $targetTime);
        $me->applyDB($db);
    }
+    $targetTimeDisplay = $clock->formatTick($targetTime);

    //서버 가오픈시 할 수 있는 행동
    if ($me->getNPCType() == 0 && $me->getNationID() == 0) {
        $showDieOnPrestartBtn = true;
-        if ($targetTime <= TimeUtil::now()) {
+        if ($targetTime <= $nowTick) {
            $availableDieOnPrestart = true;
        }
    }
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@ $changeDefence999Atmos = $me->onCalcDomestic('changeDefenceTrain', "atmos999", $
            <a href="b_myPage.php?detachNPC=1"><button type="button" style=background-color:<?= GameConst::$basecolor2 ?>;color:white;width:160px;height:30px;font-size:14px;>빙의 해체 요청</button></a>-->

                        <?php if ($showDieOnPrestartBtn) : ?>
-                            가오픈 기간 내 장수 삭제 (<?= substr($targetTime, 0, 19) ?> 부터)<br>
+                            가오픈 기간 내 장수 삭제 (<?= $targetTimeDisplay ?> 부터)<br>
                            <button type="button" id='dieOnPrestart' style=background-color:<?= GameConst::$basecolor2 ?>;color:white;width:160px;height:30px;font-size:14px;>장수 삭제</button><br><br>
                        <?php endif; ?>

@@ -188,7 +192,7 @@ $changeDefence999Atmos = $me->onCalcDomestic('changeDefenceTrain', "atmos999", $
                        <?php endif; ?>

                        <?php if ($gameStor->npcmode == 2 && $me->getNPCType() == 0) : ?>
-                            다른 장수 선택 (<?= $nextChange ? substr($nextChange, 0, 19) : '지금' ?>부터)<br>
+                            다른 장수 선택 (<?= $nextChangeDisplay ?? '지금' ?>부터)<br>
                            <a href="select_general_from_pool.php" id='select_general_from_pool'><button type="button" style=background-color:<?= GameConst::$basecolor2 ?>;color:white;width:160px;height:30px;font-size:14px;>다른 장수 선택</button></a><br><br>
                        <?php endif; ?>

@@ -228,10 +228,10 @@ if($btn == "자동개최설정") {
    $phase = 0;
    startBetting($admin['tnmt_type'], 720);
 } elseif($btn == "베팅마감") {
-    $dt = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time() + 60);
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
    $gameStor->tournament=7;
    $gameStor->phase=0;
-    $gameStor->tnmt_time = $dt;
+    $gameStor->tnmt_time = $clock->nowTick() + $clock->ticksFromSeconds(60);
 } elseif($btn == "16강") {
    finalFight($admin['tnmt_type'], $admin['tournament'], $admin['phase'], 16);
 } elseif($btn == "8강") {
@@ -248,4 +248,4 @@ if($btn == "자동개최설정") {
    $gameStor->tnmt_msg = $msg;
 }

-header('location:b_tournament.php');
+header('location:b_tournament.php');
@@ -630,7 +630,11 @@ function generalInfo(General $generalObj)
        $injury = "건강";
    }

-    $remaining = (new \DateTimeImmutable($generalObj->getTurnTime()))->diff(new \DateTimeImmutable())->i;
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+    $remaining = max(0, intdiv(
+        $generalObj->getTurnTick() - $clock->nowTick(),
+        $clock->ticksFromMinutes(1),
+    ));

    if ($nation['color'] == "") {
        $nation['color'] = "#000000";
@@ -921,45 +925,37 @@ function banner()
    );
 }

-function addTurn($date, int $turnterm, int $turn = 1, bool $withFraction = true)
-{
-    $date = new \DateTime($date);
-    $target = $turnterm * $turn;
-    $date->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$target}M"));
-    if ($withFraction) {
-        return $date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
-    }
-    return $date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-}
-
-function subTurn($date, int $turnterm, int $turn = 1, bool $withFraction = true)
-{
-    $date = new \DateTime($date);
-    $target = $turnterm * $turn;
-    $date->sub(new \DateInterval("PT{$target}M"));
-    if ($withFraction) {
-        return $date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
-    }
-    return $date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-}
-
-function cutTurn($date, int $turnterm, bool $withFraction = true)
-{
-    $date = new \DateTime($date);
-
-    $baseDate = new \DateTime($date->format('Y-m-d'));
-    $baseDate->sub(new \DateInterval("P1D"));
-    $baseDate->add(new \DateInterval("PT1H"));
-
-    $diffMin = intdiv($date->getTimeStamp() - $baseDate->getTimeStamp(), 60);
-    $diffMin -= $diffMin % $turnterm;
-
-    $baseDate->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$diffMin}M"));
-    if ($withFraction) {
-        return $baseDate->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
-    }
-    return $baseDate->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-}
+function addTurn(int $tick, int $turnterm, int $turn = 1, bool $withFraction = true): int
+{
+    return $tick + GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * $turn;
+}
+
+function subTurn(int $tick, int $turnterm, int $turn = 1, bool $withFraction = true): int
+{
+    return $tick - GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * $turn;
+}
+
+function cutTurn(int $tick, int $turnterm, bool $withFraction = true): int
+{
+    $remainder = $tick % GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN;
+    if ($remainder < 0) {
+        $remainder += GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN;
+    }
+    return $tick - $remainder;
+}
+
+/** 시나리오 초기화 입력인 벽시계를 기존 01:00 기준 월 경계로 정렬합니다. */
+function cutTurnDateTime(string $date, int $turnterm, bool $withFraction = true): string
+{
+    $dateObj = new \DateTime($date);
+    $baseDate = new \DateTime($dateObj->format('Y-m-d'));
+    $baseDate->sub(new \DateInterval('P1D'));
+    $baseDate->add(new \DateInterval('PT1H'));
+    $diffMin = intdiv($dateObj->getTimestamp() - $baseDate->getTimestamp(), 60);
+    $diffMin -= $diffMin % $turnterm;
+    $baseDate->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$diffMin}M"));
+    return $baseDate->format($withFraction ? 'Y-m-d H:i:s.u' : 'Y-m-d H:i:s');
+}

 function cutDay($date, int $turnterm, bool $withFraction = true)
 {
@@ -1001,11 +997,9 @@ function increaseRefresh($type = "", $cnt = 1)
    $generalID = $session->generalID;
    $userGrade = $session->userGrade;

-    $dateObj = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-    $date = TimeUtil::format($dateObj, false);
-
-    $db = DB::db();
-    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $db = DB::db();
+    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $date = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick();
    $isunited = $gameStor->isunited;
    $opentime = $gameStor->opentime;

@@ -1145,18 +1139,19 @@ function unlock(): bool
    return $db->affectedRows() > 0;
 }

-function timeover(): bool
+function timeover(): bool
 {
    $db = DB::db();
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

-    list($turnterm, $turntime) = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['turnterm', 'turntime']);
-    $diff = (new \DateTime())->getTimestamp() - (new \DateTime($turntime))->getTimestamp();
+    list($turnterm, $turntime) = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['turnterm', 'turntime']);
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $diff = $clock->nowTick() - Util::toInt($turntime);

    $t = min($turnterm, 5);

-    $term = $diff;
-    if ($term >= $t || $term < 0) {
+    $term = $clock->ticksFromSeconds($t);
+    if ($diff >= $term || $diff < 0) {
        return true;
    } else {
        return false;
@@ -1169,9 +1164,8 @@ function checkDelay()
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

    //서버정보
-    $now = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-    $turntime = new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->turntime);
-    $timeMinDiff = intdiv($now->getTimestamp() - $turntime->getTimestamp(), 60);
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $timeMinDiff = intdiv($clock->nowTick() - Util::toInt($gameStor->turntime), $clock->ticksFromMinutes(1));

    // 1턴이상 갱신 없었으면 서버 지연
    $term = $gameStor->turnterm;
@@ -1185,20 +1179,17 @@ function checkDelay()
    //지연 해야할 밀린 턴 횟수
    $iter = intdiv($timeMinDiff, $term);
    if ($iter > $threshold) {
-        $minute = $iter * $term;
-        $newTurntime = $turntime->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"));
-        $newNextTurntime = $turntime->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$term}M"));
-        $gameStor->turntime = $newTurntime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-        $gameStor->starttime = (new \DateTimeImmutable($gameStor->starttime))
-            ->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$minute}M"))
-            ->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-
-        $db->update('general', [
-            'turntime' => $db->sqleval('DATE_ADD(turntime, INTERVAL %i MINUTE)', $minute)
-        ], 'turntime<=DATE_ADD(turntime, INTERVAL %i MINUTE)', $term);
-        $db->update('ng_auction', [
-            'close_date' => $db->sqleval('DATE_ADD(close_date, INTERVAL %i MINUTE)', $minute)
-        ], 'finished = 0');
+        $minute = $iter * $term;
+        $delayTick = $clock->ticksFromMinutes($minute);
+        $gameStor->turntime = Util::toInt($gameStor->turntime) + $delayTick;
+        $gameStor->starttime = Util::toInt($gameStor->starttime) + $delayTick;
+
+        $db->update('general', [
+            'turntime' => $db->sqleval('turntime + %i', $delayTick)
+        ], true);
+        $db->update('ng_auction', [
+            'close_tick' => $db->sqleval('close_tick + %i', $delayTick)
+        ], 'finished = 0');
    }
 }

@@ -1247,17 +1238,15 @@ function updateOnline()
    $gameStor->online_nation = join(', ', $onlineNation);
 }

-function turnDate($curtime)
+function turnDate($curtime)
 {
    $db = DB::db();
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
    $admin = $gameStor->getValues(['startyear', 'starttime', 'turnterm', 'year', 'month']);

    $turn = $admin['starttime'];
-    $curturn = cutTurn($curtime, $admin['turnterm']);
-    $term = $admin['turnterm'];
-
-    $num = intdiv((strtotime($curturn) - strtotime($turn)), $term * 60);
+    $curturn = cutTurn(Util::toInt($curtime), $admin['turnterm']);
+    $num = intdiv($curturn - Util::toInt($turn), GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN);

    $date = $admin['startyear'] * 12;
    $date += $num;
@@ -1705,12 +1694,21 @@ function tryUniqueItemLottery(RandUtil $rng, General $general, string $acquireTy
    return giveRandomUniqueItem($rng, $general, $acquireType);
 }

-function getAdmin()
-{
-    $db = DB::db();
-    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
-    return $gameStor->getAll();
-}
+function getAdmin()
+{
+    $db = DB::db();
+    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $admin = $gameStor->getAll();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    foreach (['turntime', 'starttime', 'opentime', 'tnmt_time'] as $key) {
+        if (($admin[$key] ?? null) !== null) {
+            $admin["{$key}_display"] = $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($admin[$key]), true);
+        }
+    }
+    $admin['clock_now_tick'] = $clock->nowTick();
+    $admin['clock_now_display'] = $clock->formatTick($admin['clock_now_tick'], true);
+    return $admin;
+}

 /** @return General[] */
 function deleteNation(General $lord, bool $applyDB): array
@@ -2199,35 +2197,29 @@ function SabotageInjury(RandUtil $rng, array $cityGeneralList, string $reason):
    return $injuryCount;
 }

-function getRandTurn(RandUtil $rng, $term, ?\DateTimeInterface $baseDateTime = null)
-{
-    if ($baseDateTime === null) {
-        $baseDateTime = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-    } else if ($baseDateTime instanceof \DateTime) {
-        $baseDateTime = \DateTimeImmutable::createFromMutable($baseDateTime);
-    } else if ($baseDateTime instanceof \DateTimeImmutable) {
-        //do Nothing
-    } else {
-        throw new MustNotBeReachedException();
-    }
-
-    $randSecond = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 60 * $term - 1);
-    $randFraction = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 999999) / 1000000; //6자리 소수
-
-    return TimeUtil::format($baseDateTime->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($randSecond + $randFraction)), true);
-}
-
-function getRandTurn2(RandUtil $rng, $term, ?\DateTimeInterface $baseDateTime = null)
-{
-    if ($baseDateTime === null) {
-        $baseDateTime = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-    } else if ($baseDateTime instanceof \DateTime) {
-        $baseDateTime = \DateTimeImmutable::createFromMutable($baseDateTime);
-    } else {
-        throw new MustNotBeReachedException();
-    }
-    $randSecond = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 60 * $term - 1);
-    $randFraction = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 999999) / 1000000; //6자리 소수
-
-    return $baseDateTime->sub(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($randSecond + $randFraction))->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
-}
+function getRandTurn(RandUtil $rng, int $term, ?int $baseTick = null): int
+{
+    $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+    $baseTick ??= $clock->nowTick();
+
+    $randSecond = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 60 * $term - 1);
+    $randMicrosecond = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 999999); // 레거시 RNG 소비 6자리 유지
+
+    return $baseTick
+        + $clock->ticksFromSeconds($randSecond)
+        + intdiv($randMicrosecond * $clock->ticksPerSecond(), 1_000_000);
+}
+
+function getRandTurn2(RandUtil $rng, int $term, ?int $baseTick = null): int
+{
+    $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+    $baseTick ??= $clock->nowTick();
+    $randSecond = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 60 * $term - 1);
+    $randMicrosecond = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 999999); // 레거시 RNG 소비 6자리 유지
+
+    return $baseTick
+        - $clock->ticksFromSeconds($randSecond)
+        - intdiv($randMicrosecond * $clock->ticksPerSecond(), 1_000_000);
+}
@@ -62,11 +62,12 @@ function processAuction()
 {
    $db = DB::db();

-    $now = TimeUtil::now();
+    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $nowTick = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick();

    $auctionList = $db->queryAllLists(
-        'SELECT id, `type` FROM ng_auction WHERE `close_date` <= %s AND finished = 0',
-        $now
+        'SELECT id, `type` FROM ng_auction WHERE `close_tick` <= %i AND finished = 0',
+        $nowTick
    );

    if (!$auctionList) {
@@ -651,16 +651,24 @@ function checkStatistic()
 }


-function convForOldGeneral(array $general, int $year, int $month)
-{
-    $general['history'] = getGeneralHistoryLogAll($general['no']);
-    return [
+function convForOldGeneral(array $general, int $year, int $month)
+{
+    $general['history'] = getGeneralHistoryLogAll($general['no']);
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+    $turnTimeDisplay = $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($general['turntime']), true);
+    $general['turntime_tick'] = Util::toInt($general['turntime']);
+    $general['turntime'] = $turnTimeDisplay;
+    if ($general['recent_war'] !== null) {
+        $general['recent_war_tick'] = Util::toInt($general['recent_war']);
+        $general['recent_war'] = $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($general['recent_war']), true);
+    }
+    return [
        'server_id' => UniqueConst::$serverID,
        'general_no' => $general['no'],
        'owner' => $general['owner'],
        'name' => $general['name'],
        'last_yearmonth' => $year * 100 + $month,
-        'turntime' => $general['turntime'],
+        'turntime' => $turnTimeDisplay,
        'data' => Json::encode($general)
    ];
 }
@@ -734,7 +742,7 @@ function checkEmperior()

    /** @var int[] */
    $auctionList = $db->queryFirstColumn(
-        'SELECT `id` FROM `ng_auction` WHERE `type` = %s AND `finished` = 0 ORDER BY `close_date` ASC',
+        'SELECT `id` FROM `ng_auction` WHERE `type` = %s AND `finished` = 0 ORDER BY `close_tick` ASC',
        AuctionType::UniqueItem->value
    );
    foreach($auctionList as $auctionID){
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ namespace sammo;

 function printLimitMsg($turntime)
 {
+    if (is_int($turntime) || (is_string($turntime) && ctype_digit(ltrim($turntime, '-')))) {
+        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env');
+        $turntime = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(Util::toInt($turntime), true);
+    }
    //FIXME: template로 이동.
 ?>
    <!DOCTYPE html>
@@ -61,8 +61,12 @@ function chiefTurnTable()
 ";
 }

-function templateLimitMsg(string $turntime): string
-{
+function templateLimitMsg(string $turntime): string
+{
+    if (ctype_digit(ltrim($turntime, '-'))) {
+        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env');
+        $turntime = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(Util::toInt($turntime), true);
+    }
    return "이미 너무 많은 접속을 하셨습니다. 다음 턴에 다시 시도해주세요. (턴시간: {$turntime})";
 }

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ function processTournament()
 {
    $db = DB::db();
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);

    $admin = $gameStor->getValues(['tournament', 'phase', 'tnmt_type', 'tnmt_auto', 'tnmt_time', 'turnterm', 'last_tournament_betting_id']);
-    $now = new \DateTime();
-    $offset = $now->getTimestamp() - (new \DateTime($admin['tnmt_time']))->getTimestamp();
+    $offset = intdiv($clock->nowTick() - Util::toInt($admin['tnmt_time']), $clock->ticksPerSecond());

    //수동일땐 무시
    if (!$admin['tnmt_auto']) {
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ function processTournament()
        if ($tnmt == 6) {
            $betTerm = Util::valueFit($unit * 60, null, 3600);
            //처리 초 더한 날짜
-            $dt = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime($admin['tnmt_time']) + $unit * $i + $betTerm);
            $gameStor->tournament = $tnmt;
            $gameStor->phase = $phase;
-            $gameStor->tnmt_time = $dt;
+            $gameStor->tnmt_time = Util::toInt($admin['tnmt_time'])
+                + $clock->ticksFromSeconds($unit * $i + $betTerm);
            return;
        }
    }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ function processTournament()
    $second = $unit * $iter;
    $gameStor->tournament = $tnmt;
    $gameStor->phase = $phase;
-    $gameStor->tnmt_time = (new \DateTimeImmutable($admin['tnmt_time']))->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$second}S"))->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+    $gameStor->tnmt_time = Util::toInt($admin['tnmt_time']) + $clock->ticksFromSeconds($second);
 }

 function getTournamentTermText(int $turnTerm)
@@ -160,7 +160,8 @@ function getTournamentTime()
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

    list($tnmt, $tnmt_time) = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['tournament', 'tnmt_time']);
-    $dt = substr($tnmt_time, 11, 5);
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $dt = substr($clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($tnmt_time)), 11, 5);
    switch ($tnmt) {
        case 1:
            $tnmt = "개막시간 {$dt}";
@@ -284,9 +285,11 @@ function startTournament($type)
    $admin = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turnterm']);
    $turnTerm = $admin['turnterm'];
    $unit = calcTournamentTerm($turnTerm);
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);

    $gameStor->tnmt_auto = true;
-    $gameStor->tnmt_time = (new \DateTimeImmutable())->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$unit}M"))->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+    // 기존 startTournament은 unit을 분으로 더하므로 그 계약을 유지합니다.
+    $gameStor->tnmt_time = $clock->nowTick() + $clock->ticksFromMinutes($unit);
    $gameStor->tournament = 1;
    $gameStor->tnmt_type = $type;
    $gameStor->last_tournament_betting_id = 0;
@@ -1171,7 +1174,7 @@ function fight($tnmt_type, $tnmt, $phs, $group, $g1, $g2, $type)
        }
        $damage1 *= $factor1;
        $damage2 *= $factor2;
-        
+
        //1합 승부
        if ($phase == 1) {

@@ -16,12 +16,10 @@ $session = Session::requireLogin([])->setReadOnly();
 $userID = Session::getUserID();


-$oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-
-$now = $oNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-
 $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$now = $clock->nowTick();

 $oldGeneral = $db->queryFirstField('SELECT `no` FROM general WHERE `owner`=%i', $userID);
 if($oldGeneral !== null){
@@ -44,15 +42,14 @@ if($npcmode!=1){
    ]);
 }

-$token = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT * FROM select_npc_token WHERE `owner`=%i AND `valid_until`>=%s', $userID, $now);
+$token = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT * FROM select_npc_token WHERE `owner`=%i AND `valid_until`>=%i', $userID, $now);
 $pickResult = [];


 if($token && $refresh){
-    $pickMoreFrom = (new \DateTime($token['pick_more_from']))->getTimestamp();
-    $nowT = $oNow->getTimestamp();
+    $pickMoreFrom = Util::toInt($token['pick_more_from']);

-    if($nowT >= $pickMoreFrom){
+    if($now >= $pickMoreFrom){
        $oldPickResult = Json::decode($token['pick_result']);

        foreach($keepResult as $keepId){
@@ -75,15 +72,14 @@ if($token && $refresh){
 }

 if($token && !$refresh){
-    $pickMoreFrom = (new \DateTime($token['pick_more_from']))->getTimestamp();
-    $nowT = $oNow->getTimestamp();
+    $pickMoreFrom = Util::toInt($token['pick_more_from']);

    Json::die([
        'result'=>true,
        'pick'=>Json::decode($token['pick_result']),
-        'pickMoreFrom'=>$token['pick_more_from'],
-        'pickMoreSeconds'=>$pickMoreFrom-$nowT,
-        'validUntil'=>$token['valid_until']
+        'pickMoreFrom'=>$clock->formatTick($pickMoreFrom),
+        'pickMoreSeconds'=>intdiv($pickMoreFrom - $now, $clock->ticksPerSecond()),
+        'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($token['valid_until']))
    ]);
 }

@@ -100,7 +96,7 @@ foreach($db->query('SELECT `no`, `name`, leadership, strength, intel, nation, im
    $weight[$general['no']] = pow($allStat, 1.5);
 }

-foreach($db->queryFirstColumn('SELECT pick_result FROM select_npc_token WHERE `owner`!=%i AND valid_until >=%s', $userID, $now) as $reserved){
+foreach($db->queryFirstColumn('SELECT pick_result FROM select_npc_token WHERE `owner`!=%i AND valid_until >=%i', $userID, $now) as $reserved){
    $reserved = Json::decode($reserved);
    foreach(array_keys($reserved) as $reservedNPC){
        if(key_exists($reservedNPC, $weight)){
@@ -131,8 +127,8 @@ $newNonce = random_int(0, 0xfffffff);
 $validSecond = max(VALID_SECOND, $turnterm*40);
 $pickMoreSecond = max(PICK_MORE_SECOND, Util::round(pow($turnterm, 0.672)*8));

-$validUntil = $oNow->add(new \DateInterval(sprintf('PT%dS', $validSecond)));
-$pickMoreFrom = $oNow->add(new \DateInterval(sprintf('PT%dS', $pickMoreSecond)));
+$validUntil = $now + $clock->ticksFromSeconds($validSecond);
+$pickMoreFrom = $now + $clock->ticksFromSeconds($pickMoreSecond);

 $db->delete('select_npc_token', 'valid_until < %s', $now);

@@ -140,8 +136,8 @@ $inserted = 0;

 if($token){
    $db->update('select_npc_token', [
-        'valid_until'=>$validUntil->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
-        'pick_more_from'=>$pickMoreFrom->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+        'valid_until'=>$validUntil,
+        'pick_more_from'=>$pickMoreFrom,
        'pick_result'=>Json::encode($pickResult),
        'nonce'=>$newNonce
    ], 'owner = %i AND nonce = %i', $userID, $token['nonce']);
@@ -152,8 +148,8 @@ if($token){
 else{
    $db->insertIgnore('select_npc_token', [
        'owner'=>$userID,
-        'valid_until'=>$validUntil->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
-        'pick_more_from'=>'2000-01-01 01:00:00',
+        'valid_until'=>$validUntil,
+        'pick_more_from'=>$now,
        'pick_result'=>Json::encode($pickResult),
        'nonce'=>$newNonce
    ]);
@@ -173,7 +169,7 @@ if($inserted === 0){
 Json::die([
    'result'=>true,
    'pick'=>$pickResult,
-    'pickMoreFrom'=>($inserted===-1)?$pickMoreFrom->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'):'2000-01-01 01:00:00',
+    'pickMoreFrom'=>$clock->formatTick(($inserted===-1)?$pickMoreFrom:$now),
    'pickMoreSeconds'=>($inserted===-1)?$pickMoreSecond:0,
-    'validUntil'=>$validUntil->format('Y-m-d H:i:s')
-]);
+    'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick($validUntil)
+]);
@@ -43,12 +43,10 @@ function putInfoText(&$info, ?array $currentTargetEnv){
 $session = Session::requireLogin([])->setReadOnly();
 $userID = Session::getUserID();

-$oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-
-$now = $oNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-
-$db = DB::db();
-$gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$db = DB::db();
+$gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$now = $clock->nowTick();

 $eventEnv = $gameStor->getValues(['npcmode', 'startyear', 'year', 'month']);
 $npcmode = $eventEnv['npcmode'];
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ if($tokens){
    Json::die([
        'result'=>true,
        'pick'=>$pick,
-        'validUntil'=>$valid_until
+        'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($valid_until))
    ]);
 }

@@ -108,5 +106,5 @@ sortTokens($pick);//좀 무식하지만..
 Json::die([
    'result'=>true,
    'pick'=>$pick,
-    'validUntil'=>$valid_until
+    'validUntil'=>$valid_until === null ? null : $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($valid_until))
 ]);
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ try{
        $show_img_level,
        !!$tournament_trig,
        $join_mode,
-        TimeUtil::now(),
+        TimeUtil::format(GameClock::readWallTime(), false),
        $autorun_user
    ));
 }
@@ -220,4 +220,4 @@ catch(\Exception $e){
        'result'=>false,
        'reason'=>$e->getMessage()
    ]);
-}
+}
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
 $rootDB = RootDB::db();

-$oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-$now = $oNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$now = $clock->nowTick();

 $member = $rootDB->queryFirstRow('SELECT `name`, `penalty` FROM member WHERE `NO`=%i', $userID);
 if(!$member){
@@ -139,4 +139,4 @@ $rootDB->insert('member_log', [
 Json::die([
    'result'=>true,
    'reason'=>'success'
-]);
+]);
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

 $rootDB = RootDB::db();
-$oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-$now = $oNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$now = $clock->nowTick();

 $hasGeneralID = $db->queryFirstField('SELECT no FROM general WHERE owner = %i', $userID);
 if($hasGeneralID){
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ $builder->setOwner($userID);
 $builder->setOwnerName($userNick);
 $builder->setKillturn(5);
 $builder->setNPCType(0);
-$builder->setAuxVar('next_change', TimeUtil::nowAddMinutes(12 * $env['turnterm']));
+$builder->setAuxVar('next_change', $now + GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * 12);
 $builder->setAuxVar(
    'prestart_delete_after',
    addTurn($now, $env['turnterm'], GameConst::$minTurnDieOnPrestart)
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ if(!class_exists('\\sammo\\DB')){

 $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);

 if(file_exists(__DIR__.'/.htaccess')){
    $reserved = $db->queryFirstRow(
@@ -75,8 +76,8 @@ $admin['maxUserCnt'] = $admin['maxgeneral'];
 $admin['npcMode'] = $admin['npcmode'];
 $admin['turnTerm'] = $admin['turnterm'];
 $admin['isUnited'] = $admin['isunited'];
-$admin['starttime'] = substr($admin['opentime'], 5, 11);
-$admin['turntime'] = substr($admin['turntime'], 5, 11);
+$admin['starttime'] = substr($clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($admin['opentime'])), 5, 11);
+$admin['turntime'] = substr($clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($admin['turntime'])), 5, 11);
 unset($admin['npcmode']);
 unset($admin['maxgeneral']);
 unset($admin['turnterm']);
@@ -131,4 +132,4 @@ if($general){
 Json::die([
    'game'=>$admin,
    'me'=>$me?:null
-]);
+]);
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ $month = $query['month'];
 $repeatCnt = $query['repeatCnt'];

 $rawAttacker = $query['attackerGeneral'];
-$rawAttacker['turntime'] = TimeUtil::now();
+$battleClock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+$rawAttacker['turntime'] = $battleClock->formatTick($battleClock->nowTick());
 $rawAttackerCity = $query['attackerCity'];
 $rawAttackerNation = $query['attackerNation'];

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

 $rootDB = RootDB::db();
-$oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-$now = $oNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$now = $clock->nowTick();

 $generalID = $db->queryFirstField('SELECT no FROM general WHERE owner = %i', $userID);
 if(!$generalID){
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ if ($isCentennialAllStar) {
 if(key_exists('generalName', $info)){
    $generalObj->updateVar('name', $info['generalName']);
 }
-$generalObj->setAuxVar('next_change', TimeUtil::nowAddMinutes(12 * $turnterm));
+$generalObj->setAuxVar('next_change', $now + GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * 12);

 $userNick = $ownerInfo['name'];
 $generalObj->setVar('owner_name', $userNick);
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ $db = DB::db();
 $updated = false;
 $locked = false;
 $lastExecuted = TurnExecutionHelper::executeAllCommand($updated, $locked);
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
 Json::die([
    'result' => true,
    'updated' => $updated,
    'locked' => $locked,
-    'lastExecuted' => $lastExecuted,
-]);
+    'lastExecutedTick' => $lastExecuted,
+    'lastExecuted' => $clock->formatTick($lastExecuted, true),
+]);
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class BidUniqueAuction extends \sammo\BaseAPI
    ])
      ->rule('int', 'amount')
      ->rule('int', 'auctionID')
-      ->rule('boolean', 'extendCloseDate');
+      ->rule('boolean', 'extendCloseTick');

    if (!$v->validate()) {
      return $v->errorStr();
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class BidUniqueAuction extends \sammo\BaseAPI
  {
    $auctionID = $this->args['auctionID'];
    $amount = $this->args['amount'];
-    $tryExtendCloseDate = $this->args['extendCloseDate'] ?? false;
+    $tryExtendCloseDate = $this->args['extendCloseTick'] ?? false;

    $generalID = $session->generalID;
    $general = General::createObjFromDB($generalID);
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ use sammo\General;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\Util;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\KVStorage;

 use function sammo\getAuctionLogRecent;

@@ -33,12 +35,13 @@ class GetActiveResourceAuctionList extends \sammo\BaseAPI
  public function launch(Session $session, ?DateTimeInterface $modifiedSince, ?string $reqEtag): null | string | array | APIRecoveryType
  {
    $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));

    $buyRiceList = [];
    $sellRiceList = [];
    /** @var AuctionInfo[] */
    $auctions = array_map(fn ($raw) => AuctionInfo::fromArray($raw), $db->query(
-      'SELECT * FROM `ng_auction` WHERE `type` IN %ls AND `finished` = 0 ORDER BY `close_date` ASC',
+      'SELECT * FROM `ng_auction` WHERE `type` IN %ls AND `finished` = 0 ORDER BY `close_tick` ASC',
      [
        AuctionType::BuyRice->value,
        AuctionType::SellRice->value,
@@ -87,8 +90,8 @@ class GetActiveResourceAuctionList extends \sammo\BaseAPI
        'type' => $auction->type->value,
        'hostGeneralID' => $auction->hostGeneralID,
        'hostName' => $auction->detail->hostName,
-        'openDate' => TimeUtil::format($auction->openDate, false),
-        'closeDate' => TimeUtil::format($auction->closeDate, false),
+        'openDate' => $clock->formatTick($auction->openTick),
+        'closeDate' => $clock->formatTick($auction->closeTick),
        'amount' => $auction->detail->amount,
        'startBidAmount' => $auction->detail->startBidAmount,
        'finishBidAmount' => $auction->detail->finishBidAmount,
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ use sammo\Enums\GeneralQueryMode;
 use sammo\Enums\InheritanceKey;
 use sammo\InheritancePointManager;
 use sammo\TimeUtil;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\Validator;
 use sammo\General;

@@ -42,6 +44,7 @@ class GetUniqueItemAuctionDetail extends \sammo\BaseAPI
  public function launch(Session $session, ?DateTimeInterface $modifiedSince, ?string $reqEtag): null | string | array | APIRecoveryType
  {
    $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));

    $generalID = $session->generalID;
    $auctionID = $this->args['auctionID'];
@@ -92,9 +95,11 @@ class GetUniqueItemAuctionDetail extends \sammo\BaseAPI
        'target' => $auction->target,
        'isCallerHost' => $auction->hostGeneralID === $generalID,
        'hostName' => $auction->detail->hostName,
-        'closeDate' => TimeUtil::format($auction->closeDate, false),
+        'closeDate' => $clock->formatTick($auction->closeTick),
        'remainCloseDateExtensionCnt' => $auction->detail->remainCloseDateExtensionCnt,
-        'availableLatestBidCloseDate' => TimeUtil::format($auction->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate, false),
+        'availableLatestBidCloseDate' => $auction->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick === null
+          ? null
+          : $clock->formatTick($auction->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick),
      ],
      'bidList' => $responseBid,
      'obfuscatedName' => $obfuscatedName,
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\Enums\AuctionType;
 use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\Util;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\KVStorage;

 class GetUniqueItemAuctionList extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 {
@@ -28,12 +30,13 @@ class GetUniqueItemAuctionList extends \sammo\BaseAPI
  public function launch(Session $session, ?DateTimeInterface $modifiedSince, ?string $reqEtag): null | string | array | APIRecoveryType
  {
    $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));

    $generalID = $session->generalID;

    /** @var AuctionInfo[] */
    $auctions = array_map(fn($raw)=>AuctionInfo::fromArray($raw), $db->query(
-      'SELECT * FROM `ng_auction` WHERE `type` = %s ORDER BY `close_date` ASC',
+      'SELECT * FROM `ng_auction` WHERE `type` = %s ORDER BY `close_tick` ASC',
      AuctionType::UniqueItem->value
    ) ?? []);

@@ -85,9 +88,11 @@ class GetUniqueItemAuctionList extends \sammo\BaseAPI
        'target' => $auction->target,
        'isCallerHost' => $auction->hostGeneralID === $generalID,
        'hostName' => $auction->detail->hostName,
-        'closeDate' => TimeUtil::format($auction->closeDate, false),
+        'closeDate' => $clock->formatTick($auction->closeTick),
        'remainCloseDateExtensionCnt' => $auction->detail->remainCloseDateExtensionCnt,
-        'availableLatestBidCloseDate' => TimeUtil::format($auction->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate, false),
+        'availableLatestBidCloseDate' => $auction->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick === null
+          ? null
+          : $clock->formatTick($auction->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick),
        'highestBid' => [
          'generalName' => $highestBid->aux->generalName,
          'amount' => $highestBid->amount,
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ use DateTimeInterface;
 use sammo\DB;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\GameConst;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\TimeUtil;
+use sammo\Util;

 use function sammo\cutTurn;

@@ -82,11 +84,12 @@ class GetReservedCommand extends \sammo\BaseAPI

        return [
            'result' => true,
-            'turnTime' => $turnTime,
+            'turnTimeTick' => Util::toInt($turnTime),
+            'turnTime' => GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(Util::toInt($turnTime)),
            'turnTerm' => $turnTerm,
            'year' => $year,
            'month' => $month,
-            'date' => TimeUtil::now(true),
+            'date' => GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick(), true),
            'turn' => $commandList,
            'autorun_limit' => $generalAux['autorun_limit'] ?? null,
        ];
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ use sammo\Session;
 use sammo\General;
 use sammo\JosaUtil;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\Util;

 use function sammo\addTurn;
 use function sammo\increaseRefresh;
@@ -37,6 +38,8 @@ class DieOnPrestart extends \sammo\BaseAPI
    $db = DB::db();
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
    $gameStor->cacheValues(['turnterm', 'opentime', 'turntime', 'year', 'month']);
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $nowTick = $clock->nowTick();

    $general = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT no,name,nation,owner_name,npc FROM general WHERE owner=%i AND npc = 0', $userID);
    if (!$general) {
@@ -67,9 +70,9 @@ class DieOnPrestart extends \sammo\BaseAPI
    }

    $targetTime = $generalObj->getAuxVar('prestart_delete_after');
-    if (!is_string($targetTime) || $targetTime === '') {
+    if (!is_int($targetTime)) {
      $targetTime = addTurn(
-        $lastRefresh ?: TimeUtil::now(),
+        $lastRefresh === null ? $nowTick : Util::toInt($lastRefresh),
        $gameStor->turnterm,
        GameConst::$minTurnDieOnPrestart
      );
@@ -78,8 +81,8 @@ class DieOnPrestart extends \sammo\BaseAPI
    }

    //서버 가오픈시 할 수 있는 행동
-    if ($targetTime > TimeUtil::now()) {
-      $targetTimeShort = substr($targetTime, 0, 19);
+    if ($targetTime > $nowTick) {
+      $targetTimeShort = $clock->formatTick($targetTime);
      return "아직 삭제할 수 없습니다. {$targetTimeShort} 부터 가능합니다.";
    }

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use sammo\Enums\GeneralColumn;
 use sammo\Enums\GeneralQueryMode;
 use sammo\Enums\RankColumn;
 use sammo\GameConst;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\General;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\LastTurn;
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI
    $db = DB::db();

    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
    $gameStor->cacheValues(['isunited', 'opentime', 'refresh']);

    $lastHistoryID = $this->args['lastWorldHistoryID'];
@@ -158,6 +160,7 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI
  private function generateGlobalInfo(MeekroDB $db): array
  {
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);

    [
      $scenarioText, $extendedGeneral, $isFiction, $npcMode,
@@ -210,7 +213,8 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI
      'month' => $month,
      'autorunUser' => $autorunUser,
      'turnterm' => $turnterm,
-      'lastExecuted' => $lastExecuted,
+      'lastExecutedTick' => $lastExecuted,
+      'lastExecuted' => $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($lastExecuted), true),
      'lastVoteID' => $lastVoteID,
      'develCost' => $develCost,
      'noticeMsg' => $noticeMsg,
@@ -224,7 +228,8 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI
      'isLocked' => $isLocked,
      'tournamentType' => $tournamentType,
      'tournamentState' => $tournamentState,
-      'tournamentTime' => $tournamentTime,
+      'tournamentTimeTick' => $tournamentTime,
+      'tournamentTime' => $tournamentTime === null ? null : $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($tournamentTime)),
      'genCount' => $globalGenCount,
      'generalCntLimit' => $generalCntLimit,
      'serverCnt' => $serverCnt,
@@ -361,6 +366,7 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI

  public function generateGeneralInfo(MeekroDB $db, General $general, array $rawNation): array
  {
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));

    $permission = checkSecretPermission($general->getRaw());

@@ -425,8 +431,12 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI
      'crew' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::crew), // number;
      'train' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::train), // number;
      'atmos' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::atmos), // number;
-      'turntime' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::turntime), // string;
-      'recent_war' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::recent_war), // string;
+      'turntimeTick' => $general->getTurnTick(), // number;
+      'turntime' => $general->getTurnTime(), // string;
+      'recent_war_tick' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::recent_war), // number|null;
+      'recent_war' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::recent_war) === null
+        ? null
+        : $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($general->getVar(GeneralColumn::recent_war)), true), // string|null;
      'horse' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::horse), // GameObjClassKey;
      'weapon' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::weapon), // GameObjClassKey;
      'book' => $general->getVar(GeneralColumn::book), // GameObjClassKey;
@@ -544,7 +554,7 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI
        'result' => false,
        'reason' => '접속 제한중입니다.',
        'recovery' => APIRecoveryType::GameQuota,
-        'recovery_arg' => $general->getVar('turntime'),
+        'recovery_arg' => $general->getTurnTime(),
      ];
    }

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\Enums\GeneralAccessLogColumn;
 use sammo\Enums\RankColumn;
 use sammo\GameConst;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\GameUnitConst;
 use sammo\General;
 use sammo\InheritancePointManager;
@@ -165,6 +166,7 @@ class Join extends \sammo\BaseAPI
        $db = DB::db();
        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
        $gameStor->cacheValues(['year', 'month', 'maxgeneral', 'scenario', 'show_img_level', 'block_general_create', 'turnterm', 'turntime', 'genius', 'npcmode']);
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
        ########## 동일 정보 존재여부 확인. ##########

        $block_general_create = $gameStor->getValue('block_general_create');
@@ -222,7 +224,7 @@ class Join extends \sammo\BaseAPI

        $userLogger = new UserLogger($userID, $admin['year'], $admin['month'], false);

-        $now = TimeUtil::now(false);
+        $now = $clock->nowTick();
        $rng = new RandUtil(new LiteHashDRBG(Util::simpleSerialize(
            UniqueConst::$hiddenSeed,
            'MakeGeneral',
@@ -360,17 +362,14 @@ class Join extends \sammo\BaseAPI

            $userLogger->push(sprintf("턴 시간 %02d:%02d 로 지정", intdiv($inheritTurntime, 60), $inheritTurntime % 60), "inheritPoint");

-            $inheritTurntime += $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 999999) / 1000000;
-
-            $turntime = new \DateTimeImmutable(cutTurn($admin['turntime'], $admin['turnterm']));
-            $turntime = $turntime->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($inheritTurntime));
-            $turntime = TimeUtil::format($turntime, true);
+            $inheritTurnMicrosecond = $rng->nextRangeInt(0, 999999);
+            $turntime = cutTurn(Util::toInt($admin['turntime']), $admin['turnterm'])
+                + $clock->ticksFromSeconds($inheritTurntime)
+                + intdiv($inheritTurnMicrosecond * $clock->ticksPerSecond(), 1_000_000);
        } else {
-            $turntime = getRandTurn($rng, $admin['turnterm'], new \DateTimeImmutable($admin['turntime']));
+            $turntime = getRandTurn($rng, $admin['turnterm'], Util::toInt($admin['turntime']));
        }

-
-        $now = TimeUtil::now(true);
        if ($now >= $turntime) {
            $turntime = addTurn($turntime, $admin['turnterm']);
        }
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ use DateTimeInterface;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\TurnExecutionHelper;
 use sammo\UniqueConst;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\KVStorage;

 class ExecuteEngine extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 {
@@ -35,11 +37,13 @@ class ExecuteEngine extends \sammo\BaseAPI
      $updated = false;
      $locked = false;
      $lastExecuted = TurnExecutionHelper::executeAllCommand($updated, $locked);
+      $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
      return [
        'result' => true,
        'updated' => $updated,
        'locked' => $locked,
-        'lastExecuted' => $lastExecuted,
+        'lastExecutedTick' => $lastExecuted,
+        'lastExecuted' => $clock->formatTick($lastExecuted, true),
      ];
    }
 }
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace sammo\API\Global;

 use sammo\DB;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
@@ -145,7 +146,8 @@ class GeneralList extends \sammo\BaseAPI


        if (static::$withToken) {
-            $now = (new \DateTimeImmutable())->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+            $now = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick();
            $tokens = [];
            foreach ($db->query('SELECT * FROM select_npc_token WHERE `valid_until`>=%s', $now) as $token) {
                $validUntil = $token['valid_until'];
@@ -64,13 +64,11 @@ class ResetTurnTime extends \sammo\BaseAPI
        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
        $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');

-        $currTurnTime = new DateTimeImmutable($general->getTurnTime());
-
        $rng = new RandUtil(new LiteHashDRBG(Util::simpleSerialize(
            UniqueConst::$hiddenSeed,
            'ResetTurnTime',
            $userID,
-            $general->getAuxVar('nextTurnTimeBase') ?? $general->getTurnTime()
+            $general->getAuxVar('nextTurnTimeBase') ?? $general->getTurnTick()
        )));

        $afterTurn = $rng->nextFloat1() * $turnTerm * 60;
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\Enums\GeneralLiteQueryMode;
 use sammo\Enums\GeneralQueryMode;
 use sammo\General;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\GeneralLite;
 use sammo\Session;
 use sammo\Util;
@@ -264,8 +265,11 @@ class GeneralList extends \sammo\BaseAPI
            'honorText' => fn ($rawGeneral) => getHonor($rawGeneral['experience']),
            'dedLevelText' => fn ($rawGeneral) => getDedLevelText($rawGeneral['dedlevel']),
            //'0000-00-00 11:23';
-            'turntime' => fn ($rawGeneral) => substr($rawGeneral['turntime'], 0, 19),
-            'recent_war' => fn ($rawGeneral) => substr($rawGeneral['recent_war'], 0, 19),
+            'turntime' => fn ($rawGeneral) => GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)
+                ->formatTick(Util::toInt($rawGeneral['turntime'])),
+            'recent_war' => fn ($rawGeneral) => $rawGeneral['recent_war'] === null
+                ? null
+                : GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(Util::toInt($rawGeneral['recent_war'])),
            'bill' => fn ($rawGeneral) => getBillByLevel($rawGeneral['dedlevel']),
            'reservedCommand' => fn ($rawGeneral) => $reservedCommand[$rawGeneral['no']] ?? null,
            'autorun_limit' => fn ($rawGeneral) => ($rawGeneral['aux'] ?? [])['autorun_limit'] ?? 0,
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use sammo\DB;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\Enums\GeneralQueryMode;
 use sammo\GameConst;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\General;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ class GetReservedCommand extends \sammo\BaseAPI
        $nationID = $me['nation'];
        $limitState = checkLimit($me['refresh_score']);
        if ($limitState >= 2) {
-            return "접속 제한중입니다. 1턴 이내에 너무 많은 갱신을 하셨습니다. (다음 갱신 가능 시각 : {$me['turntime']})";
+            $limitTime = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(Util::toInt($me['turntime']), true);
+            return "접속 제한중입니다. 1턴 이내에 너무 많은 갱신을 하셨습니다. (다음 갱신 가능 시각 : {$limitTime})";
        }

        $permission = checkSecretPermission($me);
@@ -30,8 +30,9 @@ abstract class AbsFromUserPool extends AbsGeneralPool{
    }

    static public function pickGeneralFromPool(\MeekroDB $db, RandUtil $rng, int $owner, int $pickCnt, ?string $prefix=null):array{
-        $oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-        $now = $oNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $now = $clock->nowTick();

        $db->update('select_pool', [
            'reserved_until'=>null,
@@ -48,9 +49,8 @@ abstract class AbsFromUserPool extends AbsGeneralPool{
            throw new \RuntimeException('pool 부족');
        }

-        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
-        $result = [];
-        $validUntil = TimeUtil::nowAddMinutes(2 * $gameStor->turnterm);
+        $result = [];
+        $validUntil = $now + GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * 2;
        while(count($result) < $pickCnt){
            $cand = $rng->choiceUsingWeightPair($pool);
            $poolID = $cand['id'];
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ abstract class AbsGeneralPool{
     * specialWar
     */

-    public function __construct(\MeekroDB $db, RandUtil $rng, array $info, string $validUntil)
+    public function __construct(\MeekroDB $db, RandUtil $rng, array $info, int $validUntil)
    {
        $this->db = $db;
        $this->info = $info;
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ abstract class AbsGeneralPool{
        return $this->builder;
    }

-    public function getValidUntil():string{
+    public function getValidUntil():int{
        return $this->validUntil;
    }

@@ -109,4 +109,4 @@ abstract class AbsGeneralPool{

    abstract public static function getPoolName():string;
    abstract public static function initPool(\MeekroDB $db);
-}
+}
@@ -146,40 +146,35 @@ abstract class Auction
    return $this->info;
  }

-  public function shrinkCloseDate(?DateTimeInterface $date): ?string
+  public function shrinkCloseTick(?int $tick): ?string
  {
-    if ($date === null) {
-      $date = new DateTimeImmutable();
-    }
-
-    $this->info->closeDate = $date;
    $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+    $this->info->closeTick = $tick ?? $clock->nowTick();
    $db->update('ng_auction', $this->info->toArray('id'), 'id = %i', $this->info->id);

    return null;
  }

-  public function extendLatestBidCloseDate(?DateTimeInterface $date): ?string
+  public function extendLatestBidCloseTick(?int $tick): ?string
  {
-    if ($date === null) {
+    if ($tick === null) {
      $db = DB::db();
      $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+      $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
      $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');
-      $date = $this->info->closeDate->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID) * 60
-      ));
+      $tick = $this->info->closeTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID)
+      );
    }
-    else{
-      $date = DateTimeImmutable::createFromInterface($date);
-    }
-    if ($this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate !== null && $date < $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate) {
+    if ($this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick !== null && $tick < $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick) {
      return '기간보다 짧습니다.';
    }
-    $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate = $date;
+    $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick = $tick;
    return null;
  }

-  public function extendCloseDate(DateTimeInterface $date, bool $force = false): ?string
+  public function extendCloseTick(int $tick, bool $force = false): ?string
  {
    if (!$force) {
      if ($this->info->detail->remainCloseDateExtensionCnt === null) {
@@ -193,12 +188,11 @@ abstract class Auction
      }
    }

-    if ($date < $this->info->closeDate) {
+    if ($tick < $this->info->closeTick) {
      return '종료 기간보다 짧습니다.';
    }

-    $closeDate = DateTimeImmutable::createFromInterface($date);
-    $this->info->closeDate = $closeDate;
+    $this->info->closeTick = $tick;
    return null;
  }

@@ -245,12 +239,13 @@ abstract class Auction

    //TODO: 전역 알림이 나타나야한다. 일반 메시지보다는 중요하고, 메시지보단 약하게..
    //TODO: 바로가기를 제공하는 편이 좋을 것 같다.
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
    $msg = new Message(
      MessageType::private,
      $src,
      $dest,
      $reason,
-      new DateTime(),
+      DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($clock->nowTick())),
      new DateTime('9999-12-31'),
      []
    );
@@ -275,7 +270,12 @@ abstract class Auction
    $db->update('ng_auction', $this->info->toArray('id'), 'id = %i', $this->info->id);
  }

-  private function bidInheritPoint(int $amount, \DateTimeImmutable $now, bool $tryExtendCloseDate): ?string
+  private function bidInheritPoint(
+    int $amount,
+    int $nowTick,
+    \DateTimeImmutable $nowDate,
+    bool $tryExtendCloseDate,
+  ): ?string
  {
    $db = DB::db();

@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ abstract class Auction
      $general->getVar('owner'),
      $general->getID(),
      $amount,
-      $now,
+      $nowDate,
      new AuctionBidItemData(
        $general->getVar('owner_name'),
        $obfuscatedName,
@@ -324,15 +324,16 @@ abstract class Auction
    }

    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
    $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');

-    if ($this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate !== null) {
-      $extendedCloseDate = $now->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID) * 60
-      ));
+    if ($this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick !== null) {
+      $extendedCloseTick = $nowTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID)
+      );

-      if ($extendedCloseDate > $this->info->closeDate && $this->info->closeDate < $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate) {
-        $this->extendCloseDate(min($extendedCloseDate, $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseDate), true);
+      if ($extendedCloseTick > $this->info->closeTick && $this->info->closeTick < $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick) {
+        $this->extendCloseTick(min($extendedCloseTick, $this->info->detail->availableLatestBidCloseTick), true);
        $this->applyDB();
      }
    }
@@ -356,12 +357,16 @@ abstract class Auction
      return '경매가 이미 끝났습니다.';
    }

-    $now = new \DateTimeImmutable();
+    $db = DB::db();
+    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $nowTick = $clock->nowTick();
+    $nowDate = $clock->tickToDateTime($nowTick);

-    if ($auctionInfo->closeDate < $now) {
+    if ($auctionInfo->closeTick < $nowTick) {
      return '경매가 이미 끝났습니다.';
    }
-    if ($auctionInfo->openDate > $now) {
+    if ($auctionInfo->openTick > $nowTick) {
      return '경매가 아직 시작되지 않았습니다.';
    }

@@ -377,13 +382,11 @@ abstract class Auction


    if ($auctionInfo->reqResource === ResourceType::inheritancePoint) {
-      return $this->bidInheritPoint($amount, $now, $tryExtendCloseDate);
+      return $this->bidInheritPoint($amount, $nowTick, $nowDate, $tryExtendCloseDate);
    }

    //reqResource는 말 그대로 '구매자가 내야하는 자원'이다.

-    $db = DB::db();
-
    $highestBid = $this->getHighestBid();
    if (!$auctionInfo->detail->isReverse) {
      if ($highestBid !== null && $amount <= $highestBid->amount) {
@@ -421,7 +424,7 @@ abstract class Auction
      $general->getVar('owner'),
      $general->getID(),
      $amount,
-      $now,
+      $nowDate,
      new AuctionBidItemData(
        $general->getVar('owner_name'),
        $general->getName(),
@@ -436,14 +439,13 @@ abstract class Auction

    $general->increaseVar($resType->value, -$morePoint);

-    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
    $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');
-    $extendedCloseDate = $now->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-      max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID) * 60
-    ));
+    $extendedCloseTick = $nowTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+      max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_PER_BID)
+    );

-    if ($extendedCloseDate > $this->info->closeDate) {
-      $this->extendCloseDate($extendedCloseDate, true);
+    if ($extendedCloseTick > $this->info->closeTick) {
+      $this->extendCloseTick($extendedCloseTick, true);
      $this->applyDB();
    }

@@ -456,10 +458,10 @@ abstract class Auction

  public function tryFinish(): ?bool
  {
-    $now = new DateTimeImmutable();
-    if ($now < $this->info->closeDate) {
-      return null;
-    }
+    $db = DB::db();
+    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    if ($clock->nowTick() < $this->info->closeTick) return null;

    //경매를 닫아야한다.
    $highestBid = $this->getHighestBid();
@@ -469,17 +471,15 @@ abstract class Auction
    }

    if ($highestBid->aux->tryExtendCloseDate) {
-      $db = DB::db();
-      $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
      $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');

      //연장 요청이 있었다.
-      $extendedCloseDate = $this->info->closeDate->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_BY_EXTENSION_QUERY, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_BY_EXTENSION_QUERY) * 60
-      ));
+      $extendedCloseTick = $this->info->closeTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_BY_EXTENSION_QUERY, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_BY_EXTENSION_QUERY)
+      );

-      if ($this->extendCloseDate($extendedCloseDate) === null) {
-        $this->extendLatestBidCloseDate(null);
+      if ($this->extendCloseTick($extendedCloseTick) === null) {
+        $this->extendLatestBidCloseTick(null);
        $this->applyDB();
        return false;
      }
@@ -509,12 +509,13 @@ abstract class Auction

    //TODO: 전역 알림이 나타나야한다. 일반 메시지보다는 중요하고, 메시지보단 약하게..
    //TODO: 바로가기를 제공하는 편이 좋을 것 같다.
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
    $msg = new Message(
      MessageType::private,
      $src,
      $dest,
      $failReason,
-      new \DateTime(),
+      DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($clock->nowTick())),
      new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
      []
    );
@@ -56,10 +56,11 @@ abstract class AuctionBasicResource extends Auction
    }


-    $now = new \DateTimeImmutable();
    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $nowTick = $clock->nowTick();
    $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');
-    $closeDate = $now->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($closeTurnCnt * $turnTerm * 60));
+    $closeTick = $nowTick + GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * $closeTurnCnt;

    $openResult = static::openAuction(new AuctionInfo(
      null,
@@ -68,8 +69,8 @@ abstract class AuctionBasicResource extends Auction
      "$amount",
      $general->getId(),
      $bidderRes,
-      $now,
-      $closeDate,
+      $nowTick,
+      $closeTick,
      new AuctionInfoDetail(
        "{$hostResName} {$amount} 경매",
        $general->getName(),
@@ -145,12 +146,13 @@ abstract class AuctionBasicResource extends Auction

    //TODO: 전역 알림이 나타나야한다. 일반 메시지보다는 중요하고, 메시지보단 약하게..
    //TODO: 바로가기를 제공하는 편이 좋을 것 같다.
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
    $msg = new Message(
      MessageType::private,
      $src,
      $dest,
      "{$this->auctionID}번 {$hostResName} 경매에 입찰이 없어 취소되었습니다.",
-      new \DateTime(),
+      \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($clock->nowTick())),
      new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
      []
    );
@@ -246,8 +248,8 @@ abstract class AuctionBasicResource extends Auction
      $db = DB::db();
      $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
      $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');
-      $date = (new DateTimeImmutable())->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($turnTerm * 60));
-      $this->shrinkCloseDate($date);
+      $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+      $this->shrinkCloseTick($clock->nowTick() + GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN);
    }

    return null;
@@ -72,16 +72,15 @@ class AuctionUniqueItem extends Auction

    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

-    $now = new DateTimeImmutable();
-
    [$turnTerm, $year, $month] = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['turnterm', 'year', 'month']);
-
-    $closeDate = $now->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-      max(static::MIN_AUCTION_CLOSE_MINUTES, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_AUCTION_CLOSE_MINUTES) * 60
-    ));
-    $availableLatestBidCloseDate = $closeDate->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-      max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID) * 60
-    ));
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $nowTick = $clock->nowTick();
+    $closeTick = $nowTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+      max(static::MIN_AUCTION_CLOSE_MINUTES, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_AUCTION_CLOSE_MINUTES)
+    );
+    $availableLatestBidCloseTick = $closeTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+      max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID)
+    );

    $info = new AuctionInfo(
      null,
@@ -90,8 +89,8 @@ class AuctionUniqueItem extends Auction
      $itemKey,
      $general->getID(),
      ResourceType::inheritancePoint,
-      $now,
-      $closeDate,
+      $nowTick,
+      $closeTick,
      new AuctionInfoDetail(
        "{$item->getName()} 경매",
        static::genObfuscatedName($general->getID()),
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ class AuctionUniqueItem extends Auction
        $startAmount,
        null,
        1,
-        $availableLatestBidCloseDate,
+        $availableLatestBidCloseTick,
      )
    );

@@ -267,21 +266,22 @@ class AuctionUniqueItem extends Auction

    if ($availableEquipUniqueCnt <= 0) {
      $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');
+      $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
      //제한에 걸렸다면 자동 연장
-      $extendedCloseDate = $this->info->closeDate->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_BY_EXTENSION_QUERY, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_UNIQUE_CNT) * 60
-      ));
+      $extendedCloseTick = $this->info->closeTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+        max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_BY_EXTENSION_QUERY, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_UNIQUE_CNT)
+      );

      if($bidder->getID() != $this->info->hostGeneralID){
        $this->setHostAsNeutral();
      }
-      $this->extendCloseDate($extendedCloseDate, true);
-      $this->extendLatestBidCloseDate(null);
+      $this->extendCloseTick($extendedCloseTick, true);
+      $this->extendLatestBidCloseTick(null);
      $this->applyDB();
      return '유니크 아이템 소유 제한 상태입니다. 종료 시간이 연장됩니다.';
    }

-    $isExtendCloseDateRequired = false;
+    $isExtendCloseTickRequired = false;
    foreach (GameConst::$allItems as $itemType => $itemList) {
      //아직은 그런 경우는 없지만 동일 유니크를 여러 부위에 장착할 수 있을지도 모름
      if (!key_exists($itemKey, $itemList)) {
@@ -291,13 +291,13 @@ class AuctionUniqueItem extends Auction
      $ownItem = $general->getItem($itemType);
      if ($ownItem->getRawClassName() == $itemKey) {
        //FIXME: 이 경우에는 환불이 되던가 해야함.
-        $isExtendCloseDateRequired = true;
+        $isExtendCloseTickRequired = true;
        $reasons[] = '이미 그 유니크를 가지고 있습니다.';
        continue;
      }

      if (!$ownItem->isBuyable()) {
-        $isExtendCloseDateRequired = true;
+        $isExtendCloseTickRequired = true;
        $reasons[] = '이미 다른 유니크를 가지고 있습니다.';
        continue;
      }
@@ -313,18 +313,19 @@ class AuctionUniqueItem extends Auction
    }

    if (!$availableItemTypes) {
-      if ($isExtendCloseDateRequired) {
+      if ($isExtendCloseTickRequired) {
        $turnTerm = $gameStor->getValue('turnterm');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
        //동일 부위 제한에 걸렸다면 자동 연장
-        $extendedCloseDate = $this->info->closeDate->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval(
-          max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID) * 60
-        ));
+        $extendedCloseTick = $this->info->closeTick + $clock->ticksFromMinutes(
+          max(static::MIN_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID, $turnTerm * static::COEFF_EXTENSION_MINUTES_LIMIT_BY_BID)
+        );

        if($bidder->getID() != $this->info->hostGeneralID){
          $this->setHostAsNeutral();
        }
-        $this->extendCloseDate($extendedCloseDate, true);
-        $this->extendLatestBidCloseDate(null);
+        $this->extendCloseTick($extendedCloseTick, true);
+        $this->extendLatestBidCloseTick(null);
        $this->applyDB();
      }
      return join(' ', $reasons);
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class che_발령 extends Command\NationCommand
        $destGeneral->getLogger()->pushGeneralActionLog("<Y>{$generalName}</>에 의해 <G><b>{$destCityName}</b></>{$josaRo} 발령됐습니다. <1>$date</>");

        $yearMonth = Util::joinYearMonth($this->env['year'], $this->env['month']);
-        if (cutTurn($general->getTurnTime(), $this->env['turnterm']) != cutTurn($destGeneral->getTurnTime(), $this->env['turnterm'])) {
+        if (cutTurn($general->getTurnTick(), $this->env['turnterm']) != cutTurn($destGeneral->getTurnTick(), $this->env['turnterm'])) {
            $yearMonth += 1;
        }
        $destGeneral->setAuxVar('last발령', $yearMonth);
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class che_천도 extends Command\NationCommand
        $nationID = $general->getNationID();
        $nationStor = \sammo\KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), $nationID, 'nation_env');

-        $nationStor->last천도Trial = [$general->getVar('officer_level'), $general->getTurnTime()];
+        $nationStor->last천도Trial = [$general->getVar('officer_level'), $general->getTurnTick()];

        if ($lastTurn->getCommand() != $commandName || $lastTurn->getArg() !== $this->arg) {
            $this->setResultTurn(new LastTurn(
@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@

 namespace sammo\DTO;

-use LDTO\Attr\Convert;
 use LDTO\Attr\JsonString;
 use LDTO\Attr\NullIsUndefined;
 use LDTO\Attr\RawName;
-use LDTO\Converter\DateTimeConverter;
 use sammo\Enums\AuctionType;
 use sammo\Enums\ResourceType;

@@ -23,12 +21,10 @@ class AuctionInfo extends \LDTO\DTO
 		#[RawName('req_resource')]
 		public ResourceType $reqResource,

-		#[RawName('open_date')]
-		#[Convert(DateTimeConverter::class)]
-		public \DateTimeImmutable $openDate,
-		#[RawName('close_date')]
-		#[Convert(DateTimeConverter::class)]
-		public \DateTimeImmutable $closeDate,
+		#[RawName('open_tick')]
+		public int $openTick,
+		#[RawName('close_tick')]
+		public int $closeTick,

 		#[JsonString]
 		public AuctionInfoDetail $detail,
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@

 namespace sammo\DTO;

-use LDTO\Attr\Convert;
 use LDTO\Attr\NullIsUndefined;
-use LDTO\Converter\DateTimeConverter;

 class AuctionInfoDetail extends \LDTO\DTO
 {
@@ -21,8 +19,7 @@ class AuctionInfoDetail extends \LDTO\DTO
 		#[NullIsUndefined]
 		public ?int $remainCloseDateExtensionCnt,
 		#[NullIsUndefined]
-		#[Convert(DateTimeConverter::class)]
-		public ?\DateTimeImmutable $availableLatestBidCloseDate,
+		public ?int $availableLatestBidCloseTick,
 	) {
 	}
 }
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@

 namespace sammo\DTO;

-use LDTO\Attr\Convert;
 use LDTO\Attr\NullIsUndefined;
 use LDTO\Attr\RawName;
-use LDTO\Converter\DateTimeConverter;

 class GeneralAccessLog extends \LDTO\DTO
 {
@@ -20,8 +18,7 @@ class GeneralAccessLog extends \LDTO\DTO
    public ?int $userID,

    #[RawName('last_refresh')]
-    #[Convert(DateTimeConverter::class)]
-    public \DateTimeImmutable $lastRefresh,
+    public ?int $lastRefresh,

    public int $refresh,

@@ -35,4 +32,4 @@ class GeneralAccessLog extends \LDTO\DTO
    public int $refreshScoreTotal,
  ) {
  }
-}
+}
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class DiplomaticMessage extends Message{
            $this->validDiplomacy = false;
        }

-        if($this->validUntil < (new \DateTime())){
+        if($this->validUntil < $this->date){
            $this->validDiplomacy = false;
        }
    }
@@ -281,4 +281,4 @@ class DiplomaticMessage extends Message{
        return self::DECLINED;
    }

-}
+}
@@ -281,16 +281,13 @@ class General extends GeneralBase implements iAction
            $this->calcCache[$cacheKey] = $result;
            return $result;
        }
-        $recwar = new \DateTimeImmutable($this->getVar('recent_war'));
-        $turnNow = new \DateTimeImmutable($this->getVar('turntime'));
-        $secDiff = TimeUtil::DateIntervalToSeconds($recwar->diff($turnNow));
-
-        if ($secDiff <= 0) {
-            $this->calcCache[$cacheKey] = 0;
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        $result = intdiv(Util::toInt($secDiff), 60 * $turnTerm);
+        $tickDiff = Util::toInt($this->getVar('turntime')) - Util::toInt($this->getVar('recent_war'));
+        if ($tickDiff <= 0) {
+            $this->calcCache[$cacheKey] = 0;
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $result = intdiv($tickDiff, GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN);
        $this->calcCache[$cacheKey] = $result;
        return $result;
    }
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class GeneralAI
        $this->calcWarRoute();
        $troopCandidate = [];

-        $chiefTurn = cutTurn($this->general->getTurnTime(), $this->env['turnterm']);
+        $chiefTurn = cutTurn($this->general->getTurnTick(), $this->env['turnterm']);
        $yearMonth = Util::joinYearMonth($this->env['year'], $this->env['month']);

        foreach ($this->troopLeaders as $troopLeader) {
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ class GeneralAI

            $last발령 = $troopLeader->getAuxVar('last발령');
            if ($last발령) {
-                $leaderTurn = cutTurn($troopLeader->getTurnTime(), $this->env['turnterm']);
+                $leaderTurn = cutTurn($troopLeader->getTurnTick(), $this->env['turnterm']);
                $compYearMonth = $yearMonth;
                if ($chiefTurn < $leaderTurn) {
                    $compYearMonth += 1;
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ class GeneralAI
            return null;
        }

-        $chiefTurn = cutTurn($this->general->getTurnTime(), $this->env['turnterm']);
+        $chiefTurn = cutTurn($this->general->getTurnTick(), $this->env['turnterm']);
        $yearMonth = Util::joinYearMonth($this->env['year'], $this->env['month']);

        $troopCandidate = [];
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ class GeneralAI

            $last발령 = $troopLeader->getAuxVar('last발령');
            if ($last발령) {
-                $leaderTurn = cutTurn($troopLeader->getTurnTime(), $this->env['turnterm']);
+                $leaderTurn = cutTurn($troopLeader->getTurnTick(), $this->env['turnterm']);
                $compYearMonth = $yearMonth;
                if ($chiefTurn < $leaderTurn) {
                    $compYearMonth += 1;
@@ -586,8 +586,8 @@ class GeneralAI
                continue;
            }

-            $generalTurnTime = $userGeneral->getTurnTime();
-            $troopTurnTime =  $troopLeader->getTurnTime();
+            $generalTurnTime = $userGeneral->getTurnTick();
+            $troopTurnTime =  $troopLeader->getTurnTick();

            if ($generalTurnTime < $troopTurnTime) { //NOTE: 어차피 수뇌 턴이 제일 빠르다
                $generalCadidates[$generalID] = $userGeneral;
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ class GeneralAI

                if (
                    key_exists($troopLeader->getCityID(), $this->supplyCities) &&
-                    $this->troopLeaders[$troopID]->getTurnTime() < $lostGeneral->getTurnTime()
+                    $this->troopLeaders[$troopID]->getTurnTick() < $lostGeneral->getTurnTick()
                ) {
                    //이미 탈출 가능한 부대를 탔다
                    continue;
@@ -1986,7 +1986,7 @@ class GeneralAI
        if ($lastTurn->getCommand() === '천도' && $lastTurn->getArg()['destCityID'] != $this->nation['capital']) {
            $cmd = buildNationCommandClass('che_천도', $this->general, $this->env, $lastTurn, $lastTurn->getArg());
            if ($cmd->hasFullConditionMet()) {
-                $nationStor->last천도Trial = [$general->getVar('officer_level'), $general->getTurnTime()];
+                $nationStor->last천도Trial = [$general->getVar('officer_level'), $general->getTurnTick()];
                $this->reqUpdateInstance = true;
                return $cmd;
            }
@@ -1995,12 +1995,9 @@ class GeneralAI
        $lastTrial = $nationStor->last천도Trial;
        if ($lastTrial) {
            [$lastTrialLevel, $lastTrialTurnTime] = $lastTrial;
-            $timeDiffSeconds = TimeUtil::DateIntervalToSeconds(
-                date_create_immutable($lastTrialTurnTime)->diff(
-                    date_create_immutable($general->getTurnTime())
-                )
-            );
-            if ($timeDiffSeconds < $turnTerm * 30 && $lastTrialLevel !== $general->getVar('officer_level')) { //0.5Turn
+            $timeDiffTick = abs($general->getTurnTick() - Util::toInt($lastTrialTurnTime));
+            if ($timeDiffTick < intdiv(GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN, 2)
+                && $lastTrialLevel !== $general->getVar('officer_level')) { //0.5Turn
                return null;
            }
        }
@@ -2109,7 +2106,7 @@ class GeneralAI
        }


-        $nationStor->last천도Trial = [$general->getVar('officer_level'), $general->getTurnTime()];
+        $nationStor->last천도Trial = [$general->getVar('officer_level'), $general->getTurnTick()];
        $this->reqUpdateInstance = true;
        return $cmd;
    }
@@ -54,14 +54,24 @@ abstract class GeneralBase
        );
    }

-    function getTurnTime(int $short = self::TURNTIME_FULL_MS): ?string
-    {
-        if(!key_exists('turntime', $this->raw)){
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        return [
-            self::TURNTIME_FULL_MS => function ($turntime) {
+    function getTurnTime(int $short = self::TURNTIME_FULL_MS): ?string
+    {
+        if(!key_exists('turntime', $this->raw)){
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $rawTurnTime = $this->getVar('turntime');
+        // 비교용 Dummy와 과거 fixture는 문자열을 잠시 허용하되 제품 DB는 tick만 사용합니다.
+        if (is_string($rawTurnTime) && !ctype_digit(ltrim($rawTurnTime, '-'))) {
+            $formattedTurnTime = $rawTurnTime;
+        } else {
+            $db = DB::db();
+            $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+            $formattedTurnTime = $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($rawTurnTime), true);
+        }
+
+        return [
+            self::TURNTIME_FULL_MS => function ($turntime) {
                return $turntime;
            },
            self::TURNTIME_FULL => function ($turntime) {
@@ -73,8 +83,21 @@ abstract class GeneralBase
            self::TURNTIME_HM => function ($turntime) {
                return substr($turntime, 11, 5);
            },
-        ][$short]($this->getVar('turntime'));
-    }
+        ][$short]($formattedTurnTime);
+    }
+
+    function getTurnTick(): ?int
+    {
+        if (!key_exists('turntime', $this->raw)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        $rawTurnTime = $this->getVar('turntime');
+        if (is_string($rawTurnTime) && !ctype_digit(ltrim($rawTurnTime, '-'))) {
+            $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+            return $clock->dateTimeToTick(new \DateTimeImmutable($rawTurnTime));
+        }
+        return Util::toInt($rawTurnTime);
+    }

    function getNPCType(): int
    {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class RandomNameGeneral extends AbsGeneralPool{
            'generalName'=>$generalName,
            'imgsvr'=>0,
            'picture'=>null
-        ], '9999-12-31 12:00:00');
+        ], PHP_INT_MAX);
    }

    static public function pickGeneralFromPool(MeekroDB $db, RandUtil $rng, int $owner, int $pickCnt, ?string $prefix = null): array
@@ -68,26 +68,25 @@ class RandomNameGeneral extends AbsGeneralPool{
        $result = [];
        $dbInsert = [];

-        $oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable();
-
-
        for($i=0;$i<$pickCnt;$i++){
            $result[] = static::pickGeneral1FromPool($db, $rng, $owner, $prefix);
        }

        if($owner){
-            $now = $oNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            $gameStor = \sammo\KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+            $clock = \sammo\GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+            $now = $clock->nowTick();
            $db->delete('select_pool', [
                'reserved_until'=>null,
                'owner'=>null,
            ],'(reserved_until < %s OR reserved_until IS NULL) AND general_id IS null', $now);
-            $validUntil = $oNow->add(new \DateInterval(sprintf('PT%dS', 30)));
+            $validUntil = $now + $clock->ticksFromSeconds(30);
            foreach($result as $pickedGeneral){
                $dbInsert[] = [
                    'owner'=>$owner,
                    'uniqueName'=>$pickedGeneral->getUniqueName(),
                    'info'=>$pickedGeneral->getInfo(),
-                    'reserved_until'=>$validUntil->format(('Y-m-d H:i:s'))
+                    'reserved_until'=>$validUntil
                ];
            }
            $db->insert('select_pool', $dbInsert);
@@ -99,4 +98,4 @@ class RandomNameGeneral extends AbsGeneralPool{
    public static function initPool(\MeekroDB $db){
        //do Nothing
    }
-}
+}
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class SPoolUnderU100 extends AbsFromUserPool
    private const STAT_BONUS_MAX_TOTAL = 190;
    private const STAT_BONUS_MAX_MULTIPLIER = 1.5;

-    public function __construct(\MeekroDB $db, RandUtil $rng, array $info, string $validUntil)
+    public function __construct(\MeekroDB $db, RandUtil $rng, array $info, int $validUntil)
    {
        $targetInfo = $info;
        $initialInfo = $info;
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ class Message

    public static function buildFromArray(array $row) : Message
    {
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
        $dbMessage = Json::decode($row['message']);

        $msgType = MessageType::from($row['type']);
@@ -116,8 +117,8 @@ class Message
            $src,
            $dest,
            $dbMessage['text'],
-            new \DateTime($row['time']),
-            new \DateTime($row['valid_until']),
+            \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime(Util::toInt($row['time']))),
+            \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime(Util::toInt($row['valid_until']))),
            $option
        ];

@@ -151,9 +152,12 @@ class Message
    public static function getMessageByID(int $messageID) : ?Message
    {
        $db = DB::db();
-        $now = new \DateTime();
-        $row = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT * FROM `message` WHERE `id` = %i AND valid_until', $messageID);
-        //FIXME: $now가 들어가야 하는데 안 들어가있는데?
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+        $row = $db->queryFirstRow(
+            'SELECT * FROM `message` WHERE `id` = %i AND valid_until > %i',
+            $messageID,
+            $clock->nowTick(),
+        );
        if (!$row) {
            return null;
        }
@@ -171,12 +175,12 @@ class Message
    {
        $db = DB::db();

-        $date = (new \DateTime())->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $date = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->nowTick();

        $where = new \WhereClause('and');
        $where->add('mailbox = %i', $mailbox);
        $where->add('type = %s', $msgType->value);
-        $where->add('valid_until > %s', $date);
+        $where->add('valid_until > %i', $date);
        if ($fromSeq > 0) {
            $where->add('id >= %i', $fromSeq);
        }
@@ -203,12 +207,12 @@ class Message
    {
        $db = DB::db();

-        $date = (new \DateTime())->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $date = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->nowTick();

        $where = new \WhereClause('and');
        $where->add('mailbox = %i', $mailbox);
        $where->add('type = %s', $msgType->value);
-        $where->add('valid_until > %s', $date);
+        $where->add('valid_until > %i', $date);
        $where->add('id < %i', $toSeq);

        if ($limit > 0) {
@@ -236,7 +240,8 @@ class Message
            return '시스템 외교 메시지는 삭제할 수 없습니다.';
        }

-        $prev5min = new \DateTime();
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+        $prev5min = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($clock->nowTick()));
        $prev5min->sub(new \DateInterval('PT5M'));

        if($msgObj->date < $prev5min){
@@ -265,14 +270,15 @@ class Message

        }

-        $in1min = new \DateTime();
+        $now = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($clock->nowTick()));
+        $in1min = clone $now;
        $in1min->add(new \DateInterval('PT1M'));
        $newMsg = new Message(
            $msgObj->msgType,
            $msgObj->src,
            $msgObj->dest,
            "req_del_msg",
-            new \DateTime(),
+            $now,
            $in1min,
            $msgOption
        );
@@ -300,13 +306,23 @@ class Message


        $db = DB::db();
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+        $timeTick = $clock->nowTick();
+        if (Util::toInt($this->validUntil->format('Y')) >= 9000) {
+            $validUntilTick = GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK;
+        } else {
+            $validitySeconds = $this->validUntil->getTimestamp() - $this->date->getTimestamp();
+            $validUntilTick = $timeTick + $clock->ticksFromSeconds($validitySeconds);
+        }
+        $this->date = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($timeTick));
+        $this->validUntil = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($validUntilTick));
        $db->insert('message', [
            'mailbox' => $mailbox,
            'type' => $this->msgType->value,
            'src' => $src_id,
            'dest' => $dest_id,
-            'time' => $this->date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
-            'valid_until' => $this->validUntil->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            'time' => $timeTick,
+            'valid_until' => $validUntilTick,
            'message' => Json::encode([
                'src'=>($this->src)?($this->src->toArray()):[],
                'dest'=>($this->dest)?($this->dest->toArray()):[],
@@ -489,7 +505,8 @@ class Message
                'text' => $this->msg,
                'option' => $this->msgOption
            ]),
-            'valid_until'=>$this->validUntil->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            'valid_until'=>GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))
+                ->dateTimeToTick($this->validUntil),
        ], 'id=%i', $this->id);

    }
@@ -245,21 +245,35 @@ class ResetHelper{
            true
        );

-        if($sync == 0) {
-            // 현재 시간을 1월로 맞춤
-            $starttime = cutTurn($turntime, $turnterm);
-            $month = 1;
-            $year = $startyear;
-        } else {
-            // 현재 시간과 동기화
-            [$starttime, $yearPulled, $month] = cutDay($turntime, $turnterm);
+        $requestedTime = new \DateTimeImmutable($turntime);
+        if($sync == 0) {
+            // 현재 시간을 1월로 맞춤
+            $baseTime = new \DateTimeImmutable(cutTurnDateTime($turntime, $turnterm));
+            $month = 1;
+            $year = $startyear;
+        } else {
+            // 현재 시간과 동기화
+            [$baseTimeString, $yearPulled, $month] = cutDay($turntime, $turnterm);
+            $baseTime = new \DateTimeImmutable($baseTimeString);
            if($yearPulled){
                $year = $startyear-1;
            }
            else{
                $year = $startyear;
            }
-        }
+        }
+
+        $wallNow = GameClock::readWallTime();
+        $initialClock = new GameClock(
+            $baseTime,
+            $turnterm,
+            0,
+            GameClock::MODE_REALTIME,
+            $wallNow,
+            fn (): \DateTimeImmutable => $wallNow,
+        );
+        $requestedTick = $initialClock->dateTimeToTick($requestedTime);
+        $currentTick = $initialClock->dateTimeToTick($wallNow);

        $killturn = 4800 / $turnterm;
        if($npcmode == 1) { $killturn = intdiv($killturn, 3); }
@@ -283,10 +297,14 @@ class ResetHelper{
            'maxnation'=>GameConst::$defaultMaxNation,
            'refreshLimit'=>30000,
            'develcost'=>$develcost,
-            'turntime'=>$turntime,
-            'starttime'=>$starttime,
-            'opentime'=>$turntime,
-            'turnterm'=>$turnterm,
+            'turntime'=>$requestedTick,
+            'starttime'=>0,
+            'opentime'=>$requestedTick,
+            'turnterm'=>$turnterm,
+            'clock_base_time'=>TimeUtil::format($baseTime, true),
+            'clock_tick'=>$currentTick,
+            'clock_mode'=>GameClock::MODE_REALTIME,
+            'clock_wall_anchor'=>TimeUtil::format($wallNow, true),
            'killturn'=>$killturn,
            'genius'=>GameConst::$defaultMaxGenius,
            'show_img_level'=>$show_img_level,
@@ -308,7 +326,7 @@ class ResetHelper{
                'name'=>$admin['name'],
                'picture'=>$admin['picture'],
                'imgsvr'=>$admin['imgsvr'],
-                'turntime'=>$turntime,
+                'turntime'=>$requestedTick,
                'killturn'=>9999,
                'crewtype'=>GameUnitConst::DEFAULT_CREWTYPE
            ]);
@@ -344,7 +362,7 @@ class ResetHelper{

        $db->insert('ng_games', [
            'server_id'=>$serverID,
-            'date'=>$turntime,
+            'date'=>TimeUtil::format($requestedTime, false),
            'winner_nation'=>null,
            'map'=>$scenarioObj->getMapTheme(),
            'season'=>$seasonIdx,
@@ -368,4 +386,4 @@ class ResetHelper{
            'result'=>true
        ];
    }
-}
+}
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ class GeneralBuilder{
            $officerLevel = $nationID?1:0;
        }

-        $turntime = \sammo\getRandTurn($this->rng, $env['turnterm'], new \DateTimeImmutable($env['turntime']));
+        $turntime = \sammo\getRandTurn($this->rng, $env['turnterm'], Util::toInt($env['turntime']));

        if($this->killturn){
            $killturn = $this->killturn;
@@ -735,4 +735,4 @@ class GeneralBuilder{

        return true; //생성되었다.
    }
-}
+}
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ScoutMessage extends Message
            $this->validScout = false;
        }

-        if ($this->validUntil <= new \DateTime()) {
+        if ($this->validUntil <= $this->date) {
            $this->validScout = false;
        }
    }
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ class ScoutMessage extends Message
    public static function invalidateAll(int $generalID, ?int $exceptMsgID = null)
    {
        $db = DB::db();
-        $now = TimeUtil::now();
+        $now = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->nowTick();
        //XXX: 뭔가 기존 쿼리가 애매하다. invalid 관련해서 다른 옵션이 가능한가?
        $rawMsgList = Util::convertArrayToDict($db->query(
            'SELECT * FROM `message` WHERE
-            `mailbox` = %i AND `type` = "private" AND `dest` = `mailbox` AND `valid_until` > %s AND
+            `mailbox` = %i AND `type` = "private" AND `dest` = `mailbox` AND `valid_until` > %i AND
            JSON_VALUE(message, "$.option.action") = %s',
            $generalID,
            $now,
@@ -40,34 +40,22 @@ final class ServerTool
            $locked = tryLock();
        }

-        $oldunit = $admin['turnterm'] * 60;
-        $unit = $turnterm * 60;
-
-        if($unit == $oldunit){
+        if($turnterm == $admin['turnterm']){
            if($locked){
                unlock();
            }
            return null;
        }

-        $unitDiff = $unit / $oldunit;
-
-        $servTurnTime = new \DateTimeImmutable($admin['turntime']);
-        foreach ($db->query('SELECT no,turntime FROM general') as $gen) {
-            $genTurnTime = new \DateTimeImmutable($gen['turntime']);
-            $timeDiff = TimeUtil::DateIntervalToSeconds($genTurnTime->diff($servTurnTime));
-            $timeDiff *= $unitDiff;
-            $newGenTurnTime = $servTurnTime->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($timeDiff));
-
-            $db->update('general', [
-                'turntime' => $newGenTurnTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u')
-            ], 'no=%i', $gen['no']);
-        }
-        $turn = ($admin['year'] - $admin['startyear']) * 12 + $admin['month'] - 1;
-        $starttime = $servTurnTime->sub(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($turn * $unit))->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
-        $starttime = cutTurn($starttime, $turnterm, false);
+        $oldClock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $currentTick = $oldClock->nowTick();
+        $currentDisplay = $oldClock->tickToDateTime($currentTick);
+        $oldClock->persistTick($gameStor, $currentTick);
        $gameStor->turnterm = $turnterm;
-        $gameStor->starttime = $starttime;
+        $gameStor->clock_base_time = TimeUtil::format(
+            GameClock::baseTimeForProjection($currentDisplay, $currentTick, $turnterm),
+            true,
+        );
        pushGlobalHistoryLog(["<R>★</>턴시간이 <C>{$turnterm}분</>으로 변경됩니다."]);

        if($locked){
@@ -215,14 +215,13 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
            $general->rebirth();
        }

-        $turntime = addTurn($general->getTurnTime(), $gameStor->turnterm);
+        $turntime = addTurn($general->getTurnTick(), $gameStor->turnterm);

        $nextTurnTimeBase = $general->getAuxVar('nextTurnTimeBase');
        if($nextTurnTimeBase !== null){
            $turntime = cutTurn($turntime, $gameStor->turnterm);
-            $turntimeObj = new \DateTimeImmutable($turntime);
-            $turntimeObj = $turntimeObj->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($nextTurnTimeBase));
-            $turntime = TimeUtil::format($turntimeObj, true);
+            $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+            $turntime += $clock->ticksFromSeconds($nextTurnTimeBase);
            $general->setAuxVar('nextTurnTimeBase', null);
        }

@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
    }


-    static public function executeGeneralCommandUntil(string $date, \DateTimeInterface $limitActionTime, int $year, int $month)
+    static public function executeGeneralCommandUntil(int $date, \DateTimeInterface $limitActionTime, int $year, int $month)
    {
        $db = DB::db();
        $generalsTodo = $db->query(
@@ -244,7 +243,7 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
        $autorun_user = $gameStor->autorun_user;

        foreach ($generalsTodo as $rawGeneral) {
-            $currActionTime = new \DateTimeImmutable();
+            $currActionTime = GameClock::readWallTime();
            if ($currActionTime > $limitActionTime) {
                return [true, $currentTurn];
            }
@@ -350,7 +349,7 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
            pullNationCommand($general->getVar('nation'), $general->getVar('officer_level'));
            pullGeneralCommand($general->getID());

-            $currentTurn = $general->getTurnTime();
+            $currentTurn = $general->getTurnTick();
            $general->increaseVarWithLimit('myset', GameConst::$incDefSettingChange, null, GameConst::$maxDefSettingChange);

            if (($autorun_user['limit_minutes'] ?? false) && $general->getNPCType() < 2 && $hasReservedTurn) {
@@ -390,13 +389,14 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
        return true;
    }

-    static public function executeAllCommand(&$executed = false, &$locked = false): string
+    static public function executeAllCommand(&$executed = false, &$locked = false): int
    {
        $db = DB::db();

        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');

-        if (TimeUtil::now(true) < $gameStor->turntime) {
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        if ($clock->nowTick() < $gameStor->turntime) {
            //턴 시각 이전이면 아무것도 하지 않음
            return $gameStor->turntime;
        }
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
        //접속자 수 따라서 갱신제한 변경
        CheckOverhead();

-        $date = TimeUtil::now(true);
+        $date = $clock->nowTick();
        // 최종 처리 월턴의 다음 월턴시간 구함
        //$lastExecuted = $gameStor->turntime;
        $prevTurn = cutTurn($gameStor->turntime, $gameStor->turnterm);
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
            $maxActionTime = max($maxActionTime * 2 / 3, $maxActionTime - 10);
        }

-        $limitActionTime = (new \DateTimeImmutable())->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($maxActionTime));
+        $limitActionTime = GameClock::readWallTime()->add(TimeUtil::secondsToDateInterval($maxActionTime));

        // 현재 턴 이전 월턴까지 모두처리.
        //최종 처리 이후 다음 월턴이 현재 시간보다 전이라면
@@ -57,16 +57,16 @@ class WarUnitGeneral extends WarUnit
        $this->general->increaseRankVar(RankColumn::warnum, 1);

        if ($this->isAttacker) {
-            $semiTurn = $general->getTurnTime();
+            $semiTurn = $general->getTurnTick();
        } else if ($oppose !== null) {
-            $semiTurn = $oppose->getGeneral()->getTurnTime();
+            $semiTurn = $oppose->getGeneral()->getTurnTick();
        } else {
            LogText("WarUnitGeneral::setOppose", "defender인데 oppose가 null {$general->getID()}, {$general->getTurnTime()}");
-            $semiTurn = $general->getTurnTime();
+            $semiTurn = $general->getTurnTick();
        }
        $phase = $this->getRealPhase();
-        $semiTurn = substr($semiTurn, 0, strlen($semiTurn) - 2);
-        $semiTurn .=  sprintf("%02d", Util::valueFit($phase, 0, 99));
+        $semiTurn -= $semiTurn % 100;
+        $semiTurn += Util::valueFit($phase, 0, 99);
        $general->setVar('recent_war', $semiTurn);
    }

@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ CREATE TABLE `general` (
 	`book` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'None',
 	`horse` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'None',
 	`item` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'None',
-	`turntime` DATETIME(6) NOT NULL,
-	`recent_war` DATETIME(6) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
+	`turntime` BIGINT NOT NULL,
+	`recent_war` BIGINT NULL DEFAULT NULL,
 	`makelimit` INT(2) NULL DEFAULT '0',
 	`killturn` INT(3) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
 	`block` INT(1) NULL DEFAULT '0',
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ CREATE TABLE `general_access_log` (
 	`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 	`general_id` INT(11) NOT NULL,
 	`user_id` INT(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
-	`last_refresh` DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL,
+	`last_refresh` BIGINT NULL DEFAULT NULL,
 	`refresh` INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
 	`refresh_total` INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
 	`refresh_score` INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ CREATE TABLE `message` (
 	`type` ENUM('private', 'national', 'public', 'diplomacy') NOT NULL,
 	`src` INT(11) NOT NULL,
 	`dest` INT(11) NOT NULL,
-	`time` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-	`valid_until` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT '9999-12-31 23:59:59',
+	`time` BIGINT NOT NULL,
+	`valid_until` BIGINT NOT NULL,
 	`message` TEXT NOT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_bin',
 	PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
 	INDEX `by_mailbox` (`mailbox`, `type`, `id`),
@@ -536,8 +536,8 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `reserved_open` (
 CREATE TABLE `select_npc_token` (
 	`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 	`owner` INT(11) NOT NULL,
-	`valid_until` DATETIME NOT NULL,
-	`pick_more_from` DATETIME NOT NULL,
+	`valid_until` BIGINT NOT NULL,
+	`pick_more_from` BIGINT NOT NULL,
 	`pick_result` TEXT NOT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_bin',
 	`nonce` INT(11) NOT NULL,
 	PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ CREATE TABLE `select_pool` (
 	`unique_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
 	`owner` INT(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
 	`general_id` INT(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
-	`reserved_until` DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL,
+	`reserved_until` BIGINT NULL DEFAULT NULL,
 	`info` TEXT NOT NULL,
 	PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
 	UNIQUE INDEX `unique_name` (`unique_name`),
@@ -694,11 +694,11 @@ CREATE TABLE `ng_auction` (
 	`target` VARCHAR(50) NULL DEFAULT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_bin',
 	`host_general_id` INT(11) NOT NULL,
 	`req_resource` ENUM('gold','rice','inheritPoint') NOT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_bin',
-	`open_date` DATETIME NOT NULL,
-	`close_date` DATETIME NOT NULL,
+	`open_tick` BIGINT NOT NULL,
+	`close_tick` BIGINT NOT NULL,
 	`detail` LONGTEXT NOT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_bin',
 	PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE,
-	INDEX `by_close` (`finished`, `type`, `close_date`) USING BTREE,
+	INDEX `by_close` (`finished`, `type`, `close_tick`) USING BTREE,
 	INDEX `by_general_id` (`host_general_id`, `type`, `finished`) USING BTREE,
 	CONSTRAINT `detail` CHECK (json_valid(`detail`))
 )
@@ -721,4 +721,4 @@ CREATE TABLE `ng_auction_bid` (
 	CONSTRAINT `aux` CHECK (json_valid(`aux`))
 )
 COLLATE='utf8mb4_general_ci'
-ENGINE = Aria;
+ENGINE = Aria;
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# 논리 game clock 운영
+
+게임 진행 시각은 `36,000,000 tick × 완료 턴 + 현재 세부 tick`으로 저장합니다.
+표시 시각만 `game_env.clock_base_time`을 기준으로 달력 시각으로 투영합니다.
+
+## 기존 DB migration
+
+웹과 턴 daemon을 먼저 중지하고 HWE DB SQL dump를 만든 다음 상태를 확인합니다.
+
+```bash
+php scripts/migrate-game-clock.php --status
+php scripts/migrate-game-clock.php --apply --backup=/absolute/path/to/hwe-before-clock.sql
+```
+
+적용 명령은 비어 있지 않은 절대경로 backup과 `GAME` lock을 요구합니다. Aria
+DDL은 transaction rollback이 되지 않으므로 기존 날짜 컬럼과 `game_env` 값은
+`*_wall_backup`으로 남깁니다. 새 코드 검증이 끝나기 전에는 이 값을 제거하지
+마세요. 복구할 때는 PHP/daemon을 중지하고 명령에 지정했던 전체 SQL dump를
+복원하는 것이 기준 절차입니다.
+
+## 시계 조회와 전진
+
+```bash
+php scripts/game-clock.php --status
+php scripts/game-clock.php --advance-turns=12 --apply
+php scripts/game-clock.php --advance-ticks=36000000 --apply
+php scripts/game-clock.php --mode=realtime --apply
+```
+
+명시적으로 전진하면 시계는 `manual` 모드가 됩니다. 이 모드의 엔진은 실제
+시각을 읽지 않습니다. `realtime`으로 전환할 때 현재 논리 tick을 새 벽시계
+anchor에 고정하므로 표시 시각이 튀지 않습니다.
+
+격리 DB에서 manual clock과 엔진 진행을 함께 확인할 수 있습니다.
+
+```bash
+php scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php --apply --engine-calls=2
+```
+
+이 검증기는 manual mode만 허용하고, 엔진 호출 전후 clock tick이 벽시계 때문에
+변하지 않았는지와 마지막 처리 tick이 현재 tick을 넘지 않았는지 검사합니다.
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env php
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use sammo\DB;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\KVStorage;
+use sammo\Util;
+
+if (PHP_SAPI !== 'cli') {
+    http_response_code(404);
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ??= '127.0.0.1';
+$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] ??= '/cli/game-clock';
+
+require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/lib.php';
+require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/func.php';
+
+/** @return never */
+function gameClockUsage(int $exitCode = 0): void
+{
+    $stream = $exitCode === 0 ? STDOUT : STDERR;
+    fwrite($stream, <<<'TEXT'
+Usage:
+  php scripts/game-clock.php --status
+  php scripts/game-clock.php --mode=manual|realtime --apply
+  php scripts/game-clock.php --advance-turns=N --apply
+  php scripts/game-clock.php --advance-ticks=N --apply
+
+Mutation commands require --apply and the GAME lock. Explicit advancement
+switches the clock to manual mode, so subsequent engine runs never consult the
+wall clock. Use --mode=realtime to resume wall-clock-paced progression.
+TEXT);
+    exit($exitCode);
+}
+
+/** @return int */
+function signedIntegerOption(array $options, string $name): int
+{
+    $value = $options[$name] ?? null;
+    if (!is_string($value) || preg_match('/^-?[0-9]+$/', $value) !== 1) {
+        throw new InvalidArgumentException("--{$name}에는 정수를 지정해야 합니다.");
+    }
+    $result = filter_var($value, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT);
+    if ($result === false) {
+        throw new InvalidArgumentException("--{$name} 값이 INT64 범위를 벗어났습니다.");
+    }
+    return $result;
+}
+
+function printGameClockState(KVStorage $gameStor): void
+{
+    $gameStor->resetCache();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $nowTick = $clock->nowTick();
+    $state = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turntime', 'turnterm']);
+    printf(
+        "mode=%s game=%d-%02d now_tick=%d now=%s last_tick=%d last=%s turnterm=%dm ticks_per_turn=%d ticks_per_second=%d\n",
+        $clock->getMode(),
+        Util::toInt($state['year']),
+        Util::toInt($state['month']),
+        $nowTick,
+        $clock->formatTick($nowTick, true),
+        Util::toInt($state['turntime']),
+        $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($state['turntime']), true),
+        Util::toInt($state['turnterm']),
+        GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN,
+        $clock->ticksPerSecond(),
+    );
+}
+
+$options = getopt('', ['help', 'status', 'mode:', 'advance-turns:', 'advance-ticks:', 'apply']);
+if (isset($options['help'])) {
+    gameClockUsage();
+}
+
+$commands = array_filter([
+    'status' => isset($options['status']),
+    'mode' => array_key_exists('mode', $options),
+    'advance-turns' => array_key_exists('advance-turns', $options),
+    'advance-ticks' => array_key_exists('advance-ticks', $options),
+]);
+if (count($commands) !== 1) {
+    gameClockUsage(2);
+}
+
+$db = DB::db();
+$gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+
+if (isset($commands['status'])) {
+    printGameClockState($gameStor);
+    exit(0);
+}
+if (!isset($options['apply'])) {
+    fwrite(STDERR, "변경 명령에는 --apply가 필요합니다.\n");
+    exit(2);
+}
+if (!\sammo\tryLock()) {
+    fwrite(STDERR, "GAME lock을 획득하지 못했습니다.\n");
+    exit(3);
+}
+
+try {
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $currentTick = $clock->nowTick();
+
+    if (isset($commands['mode'])) {
+        $mode = (string)$options['mode'];
+        if (!in_array($mode, [GameClock::MODE_MANUAL, GameClock::MODE_REALTIME], true)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('--mode는 manual 또는 realtime이어야 합니다.');
+        }
+        $clock->persistTick($gameStor, $currentTick, $mode);
+    } else {
+        if (isset($commands['advance-turns'])) {
+            $nextTick = $clock->addTurns($currentTick, signedIntegerOption($options, 'advance-turns'));
+        } else {
+            $nextTick = GameClock::addTicks($currentTick, signedIntegerOption($options, 'advance-ticks'));
+        }
+        $clock->persistTick($gameStor, $nextTick, GameClock::MODE_MANUAL);
+    }
+} finally {
+    $gameStor->resetCache();
+    \sammo\unlock();
+}
+
+printGameClockState($gameStor);
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env php
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use sammo\DB;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\Json;
+use sammo\KVStorage;
+use sammo\Util;
+
+if (PHP_SAPI !== 'cli') {
+    http_response_code(404);
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ??= '127.0.0.1';
+$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] ??= '/cli/migrate-game-clock';
+
+require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/lib.php';
+require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/func.php';
+
+/** @return never */
+function migrationUsage(int $exitCode = 0): void
+{
+    $stream = $exitCode === 0 ? STDOUT : STDERR;
+    fwrite($stream, <<<'TEXT'
+Usage:
+  php scripts/migrate-game-clock.php --status
+  php scripts/migrate-game-clock.php --apply --backup=/absolute/path/to/pre-migration.sql
+
+--status is read-only. --apply requires a pre-existing, non-empty SQL backup and
+the GAME lock. Original DATETIME columns and game_env values are retained with
+the *_wall_backup suffix so recovery does not depend only on reverse arithmetic.
+Stop web/daemon traffic before applying; Aria DDL is not transactional.
+TEXT);
+    exit($exitCode);
+}
+
+/** @return array<string,string> */
+function tableColumnTypes(\MeekroDB $db, string $table): array
+{
+    $result = [];
+    foreach ($db->query("SHOW COLUMNS FROM %b", $table) as $column) {
+        $result[(string)$column['Field']] = strtolower((string)$column['Type']);
+    }
+    return $result;
+}
+
+function isDateColumn(?string $type): bool
+{
+    return $type !== null && str_starts_with($type, 'datetime');
+}
+
+function isBigIntColumn(?string $type): bool
+{
+    return $type !== null && str_starts_with($type, 'bigint');
+}
+
+/** @return array{state:string,details:array<string,array<string,string>>} */
+function inspectMigration(\MeekroDB $db): array
+{
+    $details = [];
+    foreach (['general', 'general_access_log', 'message', 'select_npc_token', 'select_pool', 'ng_auction'] as $table) {
+        $details[$table] = tableColumnTypes($db, $table);
+    }
+
+    $old = isDateColumn($details['general']['turntime'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['general']['recent_war'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['general_access_log']['last_refresh'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['message']['time'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['message']['valid_until'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['select_npc_token']['valid_until'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['select_npc_token']['pick_more_from'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['select_pool']['reserved_until'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['ng_auction']['open_date'] ?? null)
+        && isDateColumn($details['ng_auction']['close_date'] ?? null);
+    $new = isBigIntColumn($details['general']['turntime'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['general']['recent_war'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['general_access_log']['last_refresh'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['message']['time'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['message']['valid_until'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['select_npc_token']['valid_until'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['select_npc_token']['pick_more_from'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['select_pool']['reserved_until'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['ng_auction']['open_tick'] ?? null)
+        && isBigIntColumn($details['ng_auction']['close_tick'] ?? null);
+
+    return [
+        'state' => $old ? 'legacy' : ($new ? 'tick' : 'partial-or-unknown'),
+        'details' => $details,
+    ];
+}
+
+function printMigrationStatus(\MeekroDB $db): string
+{
+    $inspection = inspectMigration($db);
+    printf("schema_state=%s\n", $inspection['state']);
+    foreach ($inspection['details'] as $table => $columns) {
+        $interesting = array_filter(
+            $columns,
+            static fn (string $name): bool => preg_match(
+                '/^(turntime|recent_war|last_refresh|time|valid_until|pick_more_from|reserved_until|open_date|close_date|open_tick|close_tick|.*_wall_backup)$/',
+                $name,
+            ) === 1,
+            ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY,
+        );
+        printf("%s %s\n", $table, Json::encode($interesting));
+    }
+    return $inspection['state'];
+}
+
+/** Convert a DATETIME column into a staged BIGINT tick column. */
+function fillTickColumn(
+    \MeekroDB $db,
+    string $table,
+    string $dateColumn,
+    string $tickColumn,
+    string $baseTime,
+    int $ticksPerSecond,
+    bool $nullable,
+): void {
+    $nullSql = $nullable ? ' NULL DEFAULT NULL' : ' NOT NULL';
+    $db->query("ALTER TABLE %b ADD COLUMN %b BIGINT{$nullSql}", $table, $tickColumn);
+    $db->query(
+        "UPDATE %b SET %b = (TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, %s, %b) * %i) DIV 1000000",
+        $table,
+        $tickColumn,
+        $baseTime,
+        $dateColumn,
+        $ticksPerSecond,
+    );
+    $missing = Util::toInt($db->queryFirstField(
+        "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %b WHERE %b IS NOT NULL AND %b IS NULL",
+        $table,
+        $dateColumn,
+        $tickColumn,
+    ));
+    if ($missing !== 0) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("{$table}.{$tickColumn} 변환 누락: {$missing}");
+    }
+}
+
+function assertSafeTickColumn(\MeekroDB $db, string $table, string $column): void
+{
+    $unsafe = Util::toInt($db->queryFirstField(
+        'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %b WHERE %b > %i OR %b < %i',
+        $table,
+        $column,
+        GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK,
+        $column,
+        -GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK,
+    ));
+    if ($unsafe !== 0) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("{$table}.{$column} JavaScript safe integer 초과: {$unsafe}");
+    }
+}
+
+$options = getopt('', ['help', 'status', 'apply', 'backup:']);
+if (isset($options['help'])) {
+    migrationUsage();
+}
+if (isset($options['status']) === isset($options['apply'])) {
+    migrationUsage(2);
+}
+
+$db = DB::db();
+if (isset($options['status'])) {
+    exit(printMigrationStatus($db) === 'partial-or-unknown' ? 2 : 0);
+}
+
+$backup = $options['backup'] ?? null;
+if (!is_string($backup) || $backup === '' || $backup[0] !== '/' || !is_file($backup) || filesize($backup) === 0) {
+    fwrite(STDERR, "--backup에는 적용 직전에 만든 비어 있지 않은 절대경로 SQL 백업을 지정해야 합니다.\n");
+    exit(2);
+}
+if (inspectMigration($db)['state'] !== 'legacy') {
+    fwrite(STDERR, "legacy 스키마가 아니므로 적용하지 않습니다. --status 결과를 확인해 주세요.\n");
+    exit(2);
+}
+if (!\sammo\tryLock()) {
+    fwrite(STDERR, "GAME lock을 획득하지 못했습니다.\n");
+    exit(3);
+}
+
+try {
+    $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+    $legacy = $gameStor->getValues(['starttime', 'turntime', 'opentime', 'tnmt_time', 'turnterm']);
+    $turnTerm = Util::toInt($legacy['turnterm']);
+    $baseTime = new DateTimeImmutable((string)$legacy['starttime']);
+    $wallNow = GameClock::readWallTime();
+    $conversionClock = new GameClock(
+        $baseTime,
+        $turnTerm,
+        0,
+        GameClock::MODE_REALTIME,
+        $wallNow,
+        static fn (): DateTimeImmutable => $wallNow,
+    );
+    $baseTimeString = $baseTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
+    $ticksPerSecond = $conversionClock->ticksPerSecond();
+
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'general', 'turntime', 'turntime_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, false);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'general', 'recent_war', 'recent_war_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, true);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'general_access_log', 'last_refresh', 'last_refresh_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, true);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'message', 'time', 'time_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, false);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'message', 'valid_until', 'valid_until_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, false);
+    $db->query(
+        'UPDATE message SET valid_until_game_tick = %i WHERE YEAR(valid_until) >= 9000',
+        GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK,
+    );
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'select_npc_token', 'valid_until', 'valid_until_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, false);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'select_npc_token', 'pick_more_from', 'pick_more_from_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, false);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'select_pool', 'reserved_until', 'reserved_until_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, true);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'ng_auction', 'open_date', 'open_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, false);
+    fillTickColumn($db, 'ng_auction', 'close_date', 'close_game_tick', $baseTimeString, $ticksPerSecond, false);
+    foreach ([
+        ['general', 'turntime_game_tick'],
+        ['general', 'recent_war_game_tick'],
+        ['general_access_log', 'last_refresh_game_tick'],
+        ['message', 'time_game_tick'],
+        ['message', 'valid_until_game_tick'],
+        ['select_npc_token', 'valid_until_game_tick'],
+        ['select_npc_token', 'pick_more_from_game_tick'],
+        ['select_pool', 'reserved_until_game_tick'],
+        ['ng_auction', 'open_game_tick'],
+        ['ng_auction', 'close_game_tick'],
+    ] as [$table, $column]) {
+        assertSafeTickColumn($db, $table, $column);
+    }
+
+    foreach ($db->query('SELECT no, aux FROM general') as $row) {
+        $aux = Json::decode((string)$row['aux']);
+        $nextChange = $aux['next_change'] ?? null;
+        if (is_string($nextChange) && !ctype_digit(ltrim($nextChange, '-'))) {
+            $aux['next_change_wall_backup'] = $nextChange;
+            $aux['next_change'] = $conversionClock->dateTimeToTick(new DateTimeImmutable($nextChange));
+            $db->update('general', ['aux' => Json::encode($aux)], 'no = %i', $row['no']);
+        }
+    }
+    foreach ($db->query('SELECT id, detail FROM ng_auction') as $row) {
+        $detail = Json::decode((string)$row['detail']);
+        $legacyLimit = $detail['availableLatestBidCloseDate'] ?? null;
+        if (is_string($legacyLimit) && $legacyLimit !== '') {
+            $detail['availableLatestBidCloseDateWallBackup'] = $legacyLimit;
+            $detail['availableLatestBidCloseTick'] = $conversionClock->dateTimeToTick(new DateTimeImmutable($legacyLimit));
+        } else {
+            $detail['availableLatestBidCloseTick'] = null;
+        }
+        unset($detail['availableLatestBidCloseDate']);
+        $db->update('ng_auction', ['detail' => Json::encode($detail)], 'id = %i', $row['id']);
+    }
+    foreach ($db->query('SELECT namespace, value FROM nation_env WHERE `key` = %s', 'last천도Trial') as $row) {
+        $trial = Json::decode((string)$row['value']);
+        if (!is_array($trial) || !isset($trial[1]) || !is_string($trial[1]) || ctype_digit(ltrim($trial[1], '-'))) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        $db->insertUpdate('nation_env', [
+            'namespace' => $row['namespace'],
+            'key' => 'last천도Trial_wall_backup',
+            'value' => Json::encode($trial),
+        ]);
+        $trial[1] = $conversionClock->dateTimeToTick(new DateTimeImmutable($trial[1]));
+        $db->update(
+            'nation_env',
+            ['value' => Json::encode($trial)],
+            'namespace = %i AND `key` = %s',
+            $row['namespace'],
+            'last천도Trial',
+        );
+    }
+
+    $db->query(
+        'ALTER TABLE general '
+        . 'DROP INDEX turntime, DROP INDEX troop, '
+        . 'CHANGE turntime turntime_wall_backup DATETIME(6) NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE recent_war recent_war_wall_backup DATETIME(6) NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE turntime_game_tick turntime BIGINT NOT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE recent_war_game_tick recent_war BIGINT NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'ADD INDEX turntime (turntime, no), ADD INDEX troop (troop, turntime)'
+    );
+    $db->query(
+        'ALTER TABLE general_access_log '
+        . 'CHANGE last_refresh last_refresh_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE last_refresh_game_tick last_refresh BIGINT NULL DEFAULT NULL'
+    );
+    $db->query(
+        'ALTER TABLE message '
+        . 'CHANGE time time_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE valid_until valid_until_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE time_game_tick time BIGINT NOT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE valid_until_game_tick valid_until BIGINT NOT NULL'
+    );
+    $db->query(
+        'ALTER TABLE select_npc_token DROP INDEX valid_until, '
+        . 'CHANGE valid_until valid_until_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE pick_more_from pick_more_from_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE valid_until_game_tick valid_until BIGINT NOT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE pick_more_from_game_tick pick_more_from BIGINT NOT NULL, '
+        . 'ADD INDEX valid_until (valid_until)'
+    );
+    $db->query(
+        'ALTER TABLE select_pool DROP INDEX reserved_until, '
+        . 'CHANGE reserved_until reserved_until_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE reserved_until_game_tick reserved_until BIGINT NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'ADD INDEX reserved_until (reserved_until, general_id)'
+    );
+    $db->query(
+        'ALTER TABLE ng_auction DROP INDEX by_close, '
+        . 'CHANGE open_date open_date_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE close_date close_date_wall_backup DATETIME NULL DEFAULT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE open_game_tick open_tick BIGINT NOT NULL, '
+        . 'CHANGE close_game_tick close_tick BIGINT NOT NULL, '
+        . 'ADD INDEX by_close (finished, type, close_tick)'
+    );
+
+    foreach (['starttime', 'turntime', 'opentime', 'tnmt_time'] as $key) {
+        $value = $legacy[$key] ?? null;
+        $gameStor->{"{$key}_wall_backup"} = $value;
+        $gameStor->{$key} = $value === null || $value === ''
+            ? null
+            : $conversionClock->dateTimeToTick(new DateTimeImmutable((string)$value));
+    }
+    GameClock::initializeStorage(
+        $gameStor,
+        $baseTime,
+        $turnTerm,
+        $conversionClock->dateTimeToTick($wallNow),
+        GameClock::MODE_REALTIME,
+        $wallNow,
+    );
+} finally {
+    \sammo\unlock();
+}
+
+if (printMigrationStatus($db) !== 'tick') {
+    fwrite(STDERR, "마이그레이션 후 스키마 검증에 실패했습니다. 백업과 *_wall_backup을 이용해 복구해 주세요.\n");
+    exit(4);
+}
+fwrite(STDOUT, "게임 시계 migration 완료. *_wall_backup은 별도 검증 후에만 수동 제거해 주세요.\n");
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env php
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use sammo\DB;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\KVStorage;
+use sammo\TurnExecutionHelper;
+use sammo\Util;
+
+if (PHP_SAPI !== 'cli') {
+    http_response_code(404);
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ??= '127.0.0.1';
+$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] ??= '/cli/verify-game-clock-engine';
+
+require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/lib.php';
+require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/func.php';
+
+$options = getopt('', ['apply', 'engine-calls:']);
+if (!isset($options['apply'])) {
+    fwrite(STDERR, "Usage: php scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php --apply [--engine-calls=N]\n");
+    exit(2);
+}
+$engineCalls = filter_var($options['engine-calls'] ?? '1', FILTER_VALIDATE_INT);
+if ($engineCalls === false || $engineCalls < 1 || $engineCalls > 1000) {
+    throw new InvalidArgumentException('--engine-calls는 1..1000이어야 합니다.');
+}
+
+$db = DB::db();
+$gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+if ($clock->getMode() !== GameClock::MODE_MANUAL) {
+    throw new RuntimeException('재현 검증은 manual clock에서만 실행할 수 있습니다.');
+}
+
+$fixedNowTick = $clock->nowTick();
+$before = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turntime']);
+$executedCount = 0;
+for ($call = 0; $call < $engineCalls; $call++) {
+    $executed = false;
+    $locked = false;
+    TurnExecutionHelper::executeAllCommand($executed, $locked);
+    if ($locked) {
+        throw new RuntimeException('엔진이 GAME lock 또는 동결 상태로 진행하지 못했습니다.');
+    }
+    if ($executed) {
+        $executedCount++;
+    }
+    $gameStor->resetCache();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    if ($clock->nowTick() !== $fixedNowTick) {
+        throw new RuntimeException('엔진 실행 중 manual clock tick이 실제 시간에 의해 변했습니다.');
+    }
+}
+
+$after = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turntime']);
+if (Util::toInt($after['turntime']) > $fixedNowTick) {
+    throw new RuntimeException('마지막 실행 tick이 현재 game tick을 넘어갔습니다.');
+}
+printf(
+    "clock_tick=%d clock=%s calls=%d executed_calls=%d before=%d-%02d/%d after=%d-%02d/%d\n",
+    $fixedNowTick,
+    $clock->formatTick($fixedNowTick, true),
+    $engineCalls,
+    $executedCount,
+    Util::toInt($before['year']),
+    Util::toInt($before['month']),
+    Util::toInt($before['turntime']),
+    Util::toInt($after['year']),
+    Util::toInt($after['month']),
+    Util::toInt($after['turntime']),
+);
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace sammo;
+
+/**
+ * 게임 진행 시각과 표시용 달력 시각 사이의 유일한 변환 경계입니다.
+ *
+ * 게임 로직과 DB에는 tick만 저장합니다. 벽시계는 realtime mode의 anchor를
+ * 진행시키는 입력으로만 사용하며, manual mode에서는 전혀 참조하지 않습니다.
+ */
+final class GameClock
+{
+    public const TICKS_PER_TURN = 36_000_000;
+    public const MAX_SAFE_TICK = 9_007_199_254_740_991;
+    public const MODE_REALTIME = 'realtime';
+    public const MODE_MANUAL = 'manual';
+
+    /** @var null|callable():\DateTimeImmutable */
+    private $wallNowProvider;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly \DateTimeImmutable $baseTime,
+        private readonly int $turnTermMinutes,
+        private readonly int $anchorTick,
+        private readonly string $mode,
+        private readonly \DateTimeImmutable $wallAnchor,
+        ?callable $wallNowProvider = null,
+    ) {
+        if ($turnTermMinutes <= 0) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('turnterm은 양수여야 합니다.');
+        }
+        if (self::TICKS_PER_TURN % ($turnTermMinutes * 60) !== 0) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+                "turnterm {$turnTermMinutes}분은 정수 tick/초로 표현할 수 없습니다."
+            );
+        }
+        if (!in_array($mode, [self::MODE_REALTIME, self::MODE_MANUAL], true)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException("알 수 없는 game clock mode: {$mode}");
+        }
+        self::requireSafeTick($anchorTick);
+        $this->wallNowProvider = $wallNowProvider;
+    }
+
+    public static function fromStorage(KVStorage $gameStor, ?callable $wallNowProvider = null): self
+    {
+        $values = $gameStor->getValues([
+            'clock_base_time',
+            'clock_tick',
+            'clock_mode',
+            'clock_wall_anchor',
+            'turnterm',
+        ]);
+
+        $baseTime = new \DateTimeImmutable((string)$values['clock_base_time']);
+        $wallAnchor = new \DateTimeImmutable((string)$values['clock_wall_anchor']);
+
+        return new self(
+            $baseTime,
+            Util::toInt($values['turnterm']),
+            Util::toInt($values['clock_tick']),
+            (string)$values['clock_mode'],
+            $wallAnchor,
+            $wallNowProvider,
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function initializeStorage(
+        KVStorage $gameStor,
+        \DateTimeInterface $baseTime,
+        int $turnTermMinutes,
+        int $currentTick,
+        string $mode = self::MODE_REALTIME,
+        ?\DateTimeInterface $wallAnchor = null,
+    ): void {
+        $wallAnchor ??= self::readWallTime();
+        // 생성자 validation을 초기화 경로에도 동일하게 적용합니다.
+        new self(
+            \DateTimeImmutable::createFromInterface($baseTime),
+            $turnTermMinutes,
+            $currentTick,
+            $mode,
+            \DateTimeImmutable::createFromInterface($wallAnchor),
+        );
+
+        $gameStor->clock_base_time = TimeUtil::format($baseTime, true);
+        $gameStor->clock_tick = $currentTick;
+        $gameStor->clock_mode = $mode;
+        $gameStor->clock_wall_anchor = TimeUtil::format($wallAnchor, true);
+    }
+
+    public function getBaseTime(): \DateTimeImmutable
+    {
+        return $this->baseTime;
+    }
+
+    public function getTurnTermMinutes(): int
+    {
+        return $this->turnTermMinutes;
+    }
+
+    public function getMode(): string
+    {
+        return $this->mode;
+    }
+
+    public function ticksPerSecond(): int
+    {
+        return intdiv(self::TICKS_PER_TURN, $this->turnTermMinutes * 60);
+    }
+
+    public function nowTick(): int
+    {
+        if ($this->mode === self::MODE_MANUAL) {
+            return $this->anchorTick;
+        }
+
+        return self::addTicks($this->anchorTick, $this->ticksBetween($this->wallAnchor, $this->wallNow()));
+    }
+
+    public function ticksFromSeconds(int|float $seconds): int
+    {
+        if (is_int($seconds)) {
+            return $seconds * $this->ticksPerSecond();
+        }
+        return (int)round($seconds * $this->ticksPerSecond());
+    }
+
+    public function ticksFromMinutes(int|float $minutes): int
+    {
+        return $this->ticksFromSeconds($minutes * 60);
+    }
+
+    public function addTurns(int $tick, int $turns = 1): int
+    {
+        if (abs($turns) > intdiv(self::MAX_SAFE_TICK, self::TICKS_PER_TURN)) {
+            throw new \OverflowException('turn 수가 JavaScript safe integer tick 범위를 벗어났습니다.');
+        }
+        return self::addTicks($tick, self::TICKS_PER_TURN * $turns);
+    }
+
+    public static function addTicks(int $tick, int $deltaTick): int
+    {
+        self::requireSafeTick($tick);
+        if ($deltaTick > self::MAX_SAFE_TICK || $deltaTick < -self::MAX_SAFE_TICK) {
+            throw new \OverflowException('delta tick이 JavaScript safe integer 범위를 벗어났습니다.');
+        }
+        if (($deltaTick > 0 && $tick > self::MAX_SAFE_TICK - $deltaTick)
+            || ($deltaTick < 0 && $tick < -self::MAX_SAFE_TICK - $deltaTick)) {
+            throw new \OverflowException('JavaScript safe integer tick 범위를 벗어났습니다.');
+        }
+        return self::requireSafeTick($tick + $deltaTick);
+    }
+
+    public static function requireSafeTick(int $tick): int
+    {
+        if (abs($tick) > self::MAX_SAFE_TICK) {
+            throw new \OverflowException("tick {$tick}은 JavaScript safe integer 범위를 벗어났습니다.");
+        }
+        return $tick;
+    }
+
+    public function floorTurn(int $tick): int
+    {
+        $remainder = $tick % self::TICKS_PER_TURN;
+        if ($remainder < 0) {
+            $remainder += self::TICKS_PER_TURN;
+        }
+        return $tick - $remainder;
+    }
+
+    /** @return array{turn:int, subTick:int} */
+    public function splitTick(int $tick): array
+    {
+        $turnStart = $this->floorTurn($tick);
+        return [
+            'turn' => intdiv($turnStart, self::TICKS_PER_TURN),
+            'subTick' => $tick - $turnStart,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function dateTimeToTick(\DateTimeInterface $dateTime): int
+    {
+        return self::requireSafeTick($this->ticksBetween($this->baseTime, $dateTime));
+    }
+
+    public function tickToDateTime(int $tick): \DateTimeImmutable
+    {
+        self::requireSafeTick($tick);
+        $ticksPerSecond = $this->ticksPerSecond();
+        $seconds = intdiv($tick, $ticksPerSecond);
+        $remainingTicks = $tick % $ticksPerSecond;
+        if ($remainingTicks < 0) {
+            $seconds--;
+            $remainingTicks += $ticksPerSecond;
+        }
+        $microseconds = intdiv($remainingTicks * 1_000_000, $ticksPerSecond);
+
+        $result = $this->baseTime->modify("{$seconds} seconds");
+        if ($microseconds !== 0) {
+            $result = $result->modify("{$microseconds} microseconds");
+        }
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    public function formatTick(int $tick, bool $withFraction = false): string
+    {
+        return TimeUtil::format($this->tickToDateTime($tick), $withFraction);
+    }
+
+    public static function baseTimeForProjection(
+        \DateTimeInterface $projectedTime,
+        int $tick,
+        int $turnTermMinutes,
+    ): \DateTimeImmutable {
+        $ticksPerSecond = intdiv(self::TICKS_PER_TURN, $turnTermMinutes * 60);
+        if ($ticksPerSecond <= 0 || self::TICKS_PER_TURN % ($turnTermMinutes * 60) !== 0) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('정수 tick/초로 표현할 수 없는 turnterm입니다.');
+        }
+        $seconds = intdiv($tick, $ticksPerSecond);
+        $remainingTicks = $tick % $ticksPerSecond;
+        if ($remainingTicks < 0) {
+            $seconds--;
+            $remainingTicks += $ticksPerSecond;
+        }
+        $microseconds = intdiv($remainingTicks * 1_000_000, $ticksPerSecond);
+        $negativeSeconds = -$seconds;
+        $result = \DateTimeImmutable::createFromInterface($projectedTime)->modify("{$negativeSeconds} seconds");
+        if ($microseconds !== 0) {
+            $negativeMicroseconds = -$microseconds;
+            $result = $result->modify("{$negativeMicroseconds} microseconds");
+        }
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    public function persistTick(KVStorage $gameStor, int $tick, ?string $mode = null): void
+    {
+        self::requireSafeTick($tick);
+        $mode ??= $this->mode;
+        if (!in_array($mode, [self::MODE_REALTIME, self::MODE_MANUAL], true)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException("알 수 없는 game clock mode: {$mode}");
+        }
+        $gameStor->clock_tick = $tick;
+        $gameStor->clock_mode = $mode;
+        // 수동 시계의 전진은 실제 시간에 의존하지 않아야 합니다. realtime으로
+        // 전환하는 순간에만 새 벽시계 anchor를 읽습니다.
+        $wallAnchor = $mode === self::MODE_REALTIME ? $this->wallNow() : $this->wallAnchor;
+        $gameStor->clock_wall_anchor = TimeUtil::format($wallAnchor, true);
+    }
+
+    public function advance(KVStorage $gameStor, int $deltaTick): int
+    {
+        $nextTick = $this->nowTick() + $deltaTick;
+        $this->persistTick($gameStor, $nextTick);
+        return $nextTick;
+    }
+
+    private function ticksBetween(\DateTimeInterface $from, \DateTimeInterface $to): int
+    {
+        $secondDiff = $to->getTimestamp() - $from->getTimestamp();
+        $microsecondDiff = Util::toInt($to->format('u')) - Util::toInt($from->format('u'));
+        $ticksPerSecond = $this->ticksPerSecond();
+
+        return $secondDiff * $ticksPerSecond
+            + intdiv($microsecondDiff * $ticksPerSecond, 1_000_000);
+    }
+
+    private function wallNow(): \DateTimeImmutable
+    {
+        if ($this->wallNowProvider !== null) {
+            $now = ($this->wallNowProvider)();
+            if (!$now instanceof \DateTimeImmutable) {
+                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('wallNowProvider는 DateTimeImmutable을 반환해야 합니다.');
+            }
+            return $now;
+        }
+        return self::readWallTime();
+    }
+
+    /** 운영 anchor와 실행 budget에서만 사용하는 실제 벽시계 입력입니다. */
+    public static function readWallTime(): \DateTimeImmutable
+    {
+        return new \DateTimeImmutable();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace sammo;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+final class GameClockBoundaryTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @dataProvider gameSchedulingFiles */
+    public function testGameSchedulingCodeDoesNotReadWallOrDatabaseClock(string $relativePath): void
+    {
+        $source = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../' . $relativePath);
+        self::assertIsString($source);
+
+        foreach ([
+            '/TimeUtil::now(?:DateTimeImmutable)?\s*\(/',
+            '/new\s+\\\\?DateTime(?:Immutable)?\s*\(\s*\)/',
+            '/\bNOW\s*\(/i',
+            '/\bCURRENT_TIMESTAMP\b/i',
+            '/\bCURDATE\s*\(/i',
+        ] as $pattern) {
+            self::assertDoesNotMatchRegularExpression($pattern, $source, $relativePath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static function gameSchedulingFiles(): array
+    {
+        return array_map(static fn (string $path): array => [$path], [
+            'hwe/sammo/TurnExecutionHelper.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/Auction.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/AuctionBasicResource.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/AuctionUniqueItem.php',
+            'hwe/func_auction.php',
+            'hwe/func_tournament.php',
+            'hwe/c_tournament.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/AbsFromUserPool.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/GeneralPool/RandomNameGeneral.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/API/General/DieOnPrestart.php',
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function testTickSchemaDoesNotUseDatabaseDefaultsForGameSchedules(): void
+    {
+        $schema = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../hwe/sql/schema.sql');
+        self::assertIsString($schema);
+        foreach ([
+            '`turntime` BIGINT',
+            '`recent_war` BIGINT',
+            '`last_refresh` BIGINT',
+            '`time` BIGINT',
+            '`valid_until` BIGINT',
+            '`reserved_until` BIGINT',
+            '`open_tick` BIGINT',
+            '`close_tick` BIGINT',
+        ] as $expected) {
+            self::assertStringContainsString($expected, $schema);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace sammo;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+require_once __DIR__ . '/../src/sammo/GameClock.php';
+
+final class GameClockTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @dataProvider supportedTurnTerms */
+    public function testEachSupportedTurnTermHasIntegerTicksPerSecond(int $turnTerm, int $ticksPerSecond): void
+    {
+        $base = new \DateTimeImmutable('2026-08-03 00:00:00.000000');
+        $clock = new GameClock($base, $turnTerm, 0, GameClock::MODE_MANUAL, $base);
+
+        self::assertSame($ticksPerSecond, $clock->ticksPerSecond());
+        self::assertSame(GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN, $clock->ticksFromMinutes($turnTerm));
+    }
+
+    public static function supportedTurnTerms(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            '1 minute' => [1, 600_000],
+            '2 minutes' => [2, 300_000],
+            '5 minutes' => [5, 120_000],
+            '10 minutes' => [10, 60_000],
+            '60 minutes' => [60, 10_000],
+            '120 minutes' => [120, 5_000],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function testTickFormulaAndDisplayProjectionRoundTrip(): void
+    {
+        $base = new \DateTimeImmutable('2026-08-03 12:34:56.000000');
+        $clock = new GameClock($base, 60, 0, GameClock::MODE_MANUAL, $base);
+        $tick = GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * 7 + 12_345;
+
+        self::assertSame(['turn' => 7, 'subTick' => 12_345], $clock->splitTick($tick));
+        self::assertSame($tick, $clock->dateTimeToTick($clock->tickToDateTime($tick)));
+        self::assertSame('2026-08-03 19:34:57.234500', $clock->formatTick($tick, true));
+    }
+
+    public function testManualModeDoesNotReadWallClock(): void
+    {
+        $base = new \DateTimeImmutable('2026-08-03 00:00:00.000000');
+        $wallRead = false;
+        $clock = new GameClock(
+            $base,
+            10,
+            123_456,
+            GameClock::MODE_MANUAL,
+            $base,
+            function () use (&$wallRead): \DateTimeImmutable {
+                $wallRead = true;
+                return new \DateTimeImmutable('2099-01-01 00:00:00.000000');
+            },
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(123_456, $clock->nowTick());
+        self::assertFalse($wallRead);
+    }
+
+    public function testNegativeTickProjectionAndBaseRecalculation(): void
+    {
+        $projected = new \DateTimeImmutable('2026-08-03 12:00:00.123400');
+        $tick = -36_001_234;
+        $base = GameClock::baseTimeForProjection($projected, $tick, 60);
+        $clock = new GameClock($base, 60, $tick, GameClock::MODE_MANUAL, $projected);
+
+        self::assertSame($tick, $clock->dateTimeToTick($clock->tickToDateTime($tick)));
+        self::assertSame('2026-08-03 12:00:00.123400', $clock->formatTick($tick, true));
+        self::assertSame(['turn' => -2, 'subTick' => 35_998_766], $clock->splitTick($tick));
+    }
+
+    public function testRealtimeModeAdvancesFromAnchorWithoutDatabaseNow(): void
+    {
+        $base = new \DateTimeImmutable('2026-08-03 00:00:00.000000');
+        $wallAnchor = new \DateTimeImmutable('2026-08-03 10:00:00.000000');
+        $clock = new GameClock(
+            $base,
+            120,
+            100,
+            GameClock::MODE_REALTIME,
+            $wallAnchor,
+            fn (): \DateTimeImmutable => new \DateTimeImmutable('2026-08-03 10:00:01.500000'),
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(7_600, $clock->nowTick());
+    }
+
+    public function testTickArithmeticRejectsValuesThatJavaScriptCannotRepresentExactly(): void
+    {
+        self::assertSame(GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK, GameClock::addTicks(GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK - 1, 1));
+
+        $this->expectException(\OverflowException::class);
+        GameClock::addTicks(GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK, 1);
+    }
+}