diff --git a/app/game-engine/package.json b/app/game-engine/package.json
index 0531cd16..e6bb87d8 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/package.json
+++ b/app/game-engine/package.json
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
         "lint": "eslint .",
         "lint:fix": "eslint . --fix",
         "profile:npc-unification-memory": "node scripts/profile-npc-unification-memory.mjs",
+        "profile:npc-unification-timing": "node scripts/profile-npc-unification-timing.mjs",
         "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts",
         "typecheck": "pnpm -w tsc7 -b app/game-engine/tsconfig.json"
     },
diff --git a/app/game-engine/scripts/profile-npc-unification-timing.mjs b/app/game-engine/scripts/profile-npc-unification-timing.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a12aa753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/game-engine/scripts/profile-npc-unification-timing.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const packageRoot = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
+const vitestPath = path.join(packageRoot, 'node_modules', 'vitest', 'vitest.mjs');
+
+const child = spawn(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+        '--expose-gc',
+        vitestPath,
+        'run',
+        '--config',
+        'vitest.config.ts',
+        '--pool=threads',
+        '--maxWorkers=1',
+        'test/npcScenarioUnificationBenchmark.test.ts',
+    ],
+    {
+        cwd: packageRoot,
+        env: {
+            ...process.env,
+            NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK: '1',
+        },
+        stdio: 'inherit',
+    }
+);
+
+child.once('error', (error) => {
+    console.error('[npc-unification-timing] failed to start benchmark', error);
+    process.exitCode = 1;
+});
+
+child.once('exit', (code, signal) => {
+    if (signal) {
+        console.error(`[npc-unification-timing] benchmark terminated by ${signal}`);
+        process.exitCode = 1;
+        return;
+    }
+    process.exitCode = code ?? 1;
+});
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
index d7d23a0b..c9d4cf1a 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
@@ -753,6 +753,21 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
         blockedReason?: string;
         aiState?: ReturnType<GeneralAI['getDebugState']>;
     }) => void;
+    onActionProfiled?: (payload: {
+        kind: 'nation' | 'general';
+        generalId: number;
+        nationId: number | null;
+        officerLevel: number;
+        npcState: number;
+        year: number;
+        month: number;
+        requestedAction: string;
+        actionKey: string;
+        usedFallback: boolean;
+        usedAi: boolean;
+        aiDecisionDurationNs: bigint;
+        actionDurationNs: bigint;
+    }) => void;
 }): Promise<GeneralTurnHandler> => {
     const env = options.commandEnv ?? buildCommandEnv(options.scenarioConfig, options.unitSet);
     const itemRegistry = createItemModuleRegistry(await loadItemModules([...ITEM_KEYS]));
@@ -1627,7 +1642,11 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                     hasReservedTurn = true;
                 }
                 let nationAiState: ReturnType<GeneralAI['getDebugState']> | undefined;
+                let nationAiDecisionDurationNs = 0n;
+                let nationUsedAi = false;
                 if (worldView && shouldUseAi(currentGeneral, context.world)) {
+                    nationUsedAi = true;
+                    const aiStartedAt = options.onActionProfiled ? process.hrtime.bigint() : 0n;
                     sharedAi = new GeneralAI({
                         general: currentGeneral,
                         city: currentCity,
@@ -1647,6 +1666,9 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                     });
                     const ai = sharedAi;
                     const candidate = ai.chooseNationTurn(nationCommand);
+                    if (options.onActionProfiled) {
+                        nationAiDecisionDurationNs = process.hrtime.bigint() - aiStartedAt;
+                    }
                     if (candidate) {
                         if (
                             (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(
@@ -1690,7 +1712,11 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                     }
                     nationAiState = ai.getDebugState();
                 }
+                const nationActionStartedAt = options.onActionProfiled ? process.hrtime.bigint() : 0n;
                 const nationResult = runAction('nation', nationDefinitions, nationFallback, nationCommand, false);
+                const nationActionDurationNs = options.onActionProfiled
+                    ? process.hrtime.bigint() - nationActionStartedAt
+                    : 0n;
                 // Ref persists the nation command here, but LazyVarUpdater only
                 // clears its dirty flags: it does not replace the same PHP
                 // General object's fractional values with the MariaDB INT row.
@@ -1722,6 +1748,21 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                     ...(nationResult.blockedReason ? { blockedReason: nationResult.blockedReason } : {}),
                     ...(nationAiState ? { aiState: nationAiState } : {}),
                 });
+                options.onActionProfiled?.({
+                    kind: 'nation',
+                    generalId: currentGeneral.id,
+                    nationId: currentNation?.id ?? null,
+                    officerLevel: currentGeneral.officerLevel,
+                    npcState: currentGeneral.npcState,
+                    year: context.world.currentYear,
+                    month: context.world.currentMonth,
+                    requestedAction: nationCommand.action,
+                    actionKey: nationResult.actionKey,
+                    usedFallback: nationResult.usedFallback,
+                    usedAi: nationUsedAi,
+                    aiDecisionDurationNs: nationAiDecisionDurationNs,
+                    actionDurationNs: nationActionDurationNs,
+                });
                 options.reservedTurns.shiftNationTurns(currentNation.id, currentGeneral.officerLevel, -1);
             }
             if (isBlocked && currentNation && currentGeneral.officerLevel >= 5) {
@@ -1745,7 +1786,11 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
             }
             let generalAiState: ReturnType<GeneralAI['getDebugState']> | undefined;
             let generalAutorunMode = false;
+            let generalAiDecisionDurationNs = 0n;
+            let generalUsedAi = false;
             if (!isBlocked && worldView && shouldUseAi(currentGeneral, context.world)) {
+                generalUsedAi = true;
+                const aiStartedAt = options.onActionProfiled ? process.hrtime.bigint() : 0n;
                 const ai =
                     sharedAi ??
                     new GeneralAI({
@@ -1766,6 +1811,9 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                         nationFallback,
                     });
                 const candidate = ai.chooseGeneralTurn(generalCommand);
+                if (options.onActionProfiled) {
+                    generalAiDecisionDurationNs = process.hrtime.bigint() - aiStartedAt;
+                }
                 // Ref GeneralAI::calcDiplomacyState writes
                 // nation_env.last_attackable for ordinary generals too. The
                 // nation-turn path consumes this patch above, but most NPCs
@@ -1818,6 +1866,7 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                 }
                 generalAiState = ai.getDebugState();
             }
+            const generalActionStartedAt = options.onActionProfiled ? process.hrtime.bigint() : 0n;
             const generalResult = isBlocked
                 ? {
                       actionKey: DEFAULT_ACTION,
@@ -1826,6 +1875,9 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                       blockedReason: '블럭 대상자입니다.',
                   }
                 : runAction('general', generalDefinitions, generalFallback, generalCommand, true);
+            const generalActionDurationNs = options.onActionProfiled
+                ? process.hrtime.bigint() - generalActionStartedAt
+                : 0n;
             options.onActionResolved?.({
                 kind: 'general',
                 generalId: currentGeneral.id,
@@ -1837,6 +1889,21 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                 ...(generalResult.blockedReason ? { blockedReason: generalResult.blockedReason } : {}),
                 ...(generalAiState ? { aiState: generalAiState } : {}),
             });
+            options.onActionProfiled?.({
+                kind: 'general',
+                generalId: currentGeneral.id,
+                nationId: currentNation?.id ?? null,
+                officerLevel: currentGeneral.officerLevel,
+                npcState: currentGeneral.npcState,
+                year: context.world.currentYear,
+                month: context.world.currentMonth,
+                requestedAction: generalCommand.action,
+                actionKey: generalResult.actionKey,
+                usedFallback: generalResult.usedFallback,
+                usedAi: generalUsedAi,
+                aiDecisionDurationNs: generalAiDecisionDurationNs,
+                actionDurationNs: generalActionDurationNs,
+            });
             let nextTurnAt = 'nextTurnAt' in generalResult ? generalResult.nextTurnAt : undefined;
             options.reservedTurns.shiftGeneralTurns(currentGeneral.id, -1);
 
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/helpers/npcUnificationTimingProfiler.ts b/app/game-engine/test/helpers/npcUnificationTimingProfiler.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e9f01fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/helpers/npcUnificationTimingProfiler.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+import os from 'node:os';
+
+import type { createReservedTurnHandler } from '../../src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.js';
+
+export type ProfiledAction = Parameters<
+    NonNullable<Parameters<typeof createReservedTurnHandler>[0]['onActionProfiled']>
+>[0];
+
+type DurationSeries = {
+    durationsNs: number[];
+    totalNs: number;
+};
+
+type MonthBucket = {
+    year: number;
+    month: number;
+    generalTurns: number;
+    chiefGeneralTurns: number;
+    ordinaryGeneralTurns: number;
+    totalGeneralTurnNs: number;
+    aiDecisionCount: number;
+    aiDecisionNs: number;
+    commandCount: number;
+    commandExecutionNs: number;
+    activeNationCount: number;
+    generalCount: number;
+};
+
+const createSeries = (): DurationSeries => ({ durationsNs: [], totalNs: 0 });
+
+const percentile = (values: readonly number[], ratio: number): number => {
+    if (values.length === 0) return 0;
+    const sorted = [...values].sort((left, right) => left - right);
+    const index = Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.max(0, Math.ceil(sorted.length * ratio) - 1));
+    return sorted[index] ?? 0;
+};
+
+const maximum = (values: readonly number[]): number => {
+    let result = 0;
+    for (const value of values) result = Math.max(result, value);
+    return result;
+};
+
+const summarizeSeries = (series: DurationSeries) => ({
+    count: series.durationsNs.length,
+    totalMs: series.totalNs / 1_000_000,
+    averageMs: series.durationsNs.length > 0 ? series.totalNs / series.durationsNs.length / 1_000_000 : 0,
+    p50Ms: percentile(series.durationsNs, 0.5) / 1_000_000,
+    p95Ms: percentile(series.durationsNs, 0.95) / 1_000_000,
+    p99Ms: percentile(series.durationsNs, 0.99) / 1_000_000,
+    maxMs: maximum(series.durationsNs) / 1_000_000,
+});
+
+const monthKey = (year: number, month: number): string => `${year}-${String(month).padStart(2, '0')}`;
+
+export class NpcUnificationTimingProfiler {
+    private readonly commandSeries = new Map<string, DurationSeries>();
+    private readonly commandAiSeries = new Map<string, DurationSeries>();
+    private readonly decisionSeries = new Map<'chief' | 'ordinary', DurationSeries>([
+        ['chief', createSeries()],
+        ['ordinary', createSeries()],
+    ]);
+    private readonly turnSeries = new Map<'chief' | 'ordinary', DurationSeries>([
+        ['chief', createSeries()],
+        ['ordinary', createSeries()],
+    ]);
+    private readonly months = new Map<string, MonthBucket>();
+    private readonly monthWallMs = new Map<string, number>();
+    private maxHeapUsedBytes = 0;
+    private maxRssBytes = 0;
+
+    private getMonth(year: number, month: number): MonthBucket {
+        const key = monthKey(year, month);
+        const existing = this.months.get(key);
+        if (existing) return existing;
+        const created: MonthBucket = {
+            year,
+            month,
+            generalTurns: 0,
+            chiefGeneralTurns: 0,
+            ordinaryGeneralTurns: 0,
+            totalGeneralTurnNs: 0,
+            aiDecisionCount: 0,
+            aiDecisionNs: 0,
+            commandCount: 0,
+            commandExecutionNs: 0,
+            activeNationCount: 0,
+            generalCount: 0,
+        };
+        this.months.set(key, created);
+        return created;
+    }
+
+    observeAction(payload: ProfiledAction): void {
+        const commandKey = `${payload.kind}:${payload.actionKey}`;
+        const actionDurationNs = Number(payload.actionDurationNs);
+        const command = this.commandSeries.get(commandKey) ?? createSeries();
+        command.durationsNs.push(actionDurationNs);
+        command.totalNs += actionDurationNs;
+        this.commandSeries.set(commandKey, command);
+
+        const month = this.getMonth(payload.year, payload.month);
+        month.commandCount += 1;
+        month.commandExecutionNs += actionDurationNs;
+
+        if (!payload.usedAi) return;
+        const decisionDurationNs = Number(payload.aiDecisionDurationNs);
+        const commandAi = this.commandAiSeries.get(commandKey) ?? createSeries();
+        commandAi.durationsNs.push(decisionDurationNs);
+        commandAi.totalNs += decisionDurationNs;
+        this.commandAiSeries.set(commandKey, commandAi);
+
+        const officerGroup = payload.officerLevel >= 5 ? 'chief' : 'ordinary';
+        const decision = this.decisionSeries.get(officerGroup)!;
+        decision.durationsNs.push(decisionDurationNs);
+        decision.totalNs += decisionDurationNs;
+        month.aiDecisionCount += 1;
+        month.aiDecisionNs += decisionDurationNs;
+    }
+
+    observeGeneralTurn(input: { year: number; month: number; officerLevel: number; durationNs: bigint }): void {
+        const durationNs = Number(input.durationNs);
+        const officerGroup = input.officerLevel >= 5 ? 'chief' : 'ordinary';
+        const series = this.turnSeries.get(officerGroup)!;
+        series.durationsNs.push(durationNs);
+        series.totalNs += durationNs;
+
+        const month = this.getMonth(input.year, input.month);
+        month.generalTurns += 1;
+        month.totalGeneralTurnNs += durationNs;
+        if (officerGroup === 'chief') month.chiefGeneralTurns += 1;
+        else month.ordinaryGeneralTurns += 1;
+    }
+
+    observeMonth(input: {
+        year: number;
+        month: number;
+        wallDurationMs: number;
+        activeNationCount: number;
+        generalCount: number;
+    }): void {
+        this.monthWallMs.set(monthKey(input.year, input.month), input.wallDurationMs);
+        const month = this.getMonth(input.year, input.month);
+        month.activeNationCount = input.activeNationCount;
+        month.generalCount = input.generalCount;
+        const usage = process.memoryUsage();
+        this.maxHeapUsedBytes = Math.max(this.maxHeapUsedBytes, usage.heapUsed);
+        this.maxRssBytes = Math.max(this.maxRssBytes, usage.rss);
+    }
+
+    buildReport(input: {
+        startedAtNs: bigint;
+        scenarioId: number;
+        scenarioTitle: string;
+        hiddenSeed: string;
+        initialGeneralCount: number;
+        initialCityCount: number;
+        startYear: number;
+        startMonth: number;
+        finalYear: number;
+        finalMonth: number;
+        finalGeneralCount: number;
+        foundedNationCount: number;
+        finalNationCount: number;
+        unificationReached: boolean;
+        convergenceAssist: string;
+        discardedDrafts: { logs: number; messages: number; neutralAuctions: number };
+    }) {
+        const commandKeys = Array.from(this.commandSeries.keys()).sort();
+        const commands = commandKeys.map((key) => ({
+            key,
+            execution: summarizeSeries(this.commandSeries.get(key)!),
+            aiDecision: summarizeSeries(this.commandAiSeries.get(key) ?? createSeries()),
+        }));
+        const months = Array.from(this.months.entries())
+            .sort(([left], [right]) => left.localeCompare(right))
+            .map(([key, bucket]) => ({
+                key,
+                year: bucket.year,
+                month: bucket.month,
+                generalTurns: bucket.generalTurns,
+                chiefGeneralTurns: bucket.chiefGeneralTurns,
+                ordinaryGeneralTurns: bucket.ordinaryGeneralTurns,
+                activeNationCount: bucket.activeNationCount,
+                generalCount: bucket.generalCount,
+                wallDurationMs: this.monthWallMs.get(key) ?? 0,
+                totalGeneralTurnMs: bucket.totalGeneralTurnNs / 1_000_000,
+                averageGeneralTurnMs:
+                    bucket.generalTurns > 0 ? bucket.totalGeneralTurnNs / bucket.generalTurns / 1_000_000 : 0,
+                aiDecisionCount: bucket.aiDecisionCount,
+                totalAiDecisionMs: bucket.aiDecisionNs / 1_000_000,
+                averageAiDecisionMs:
+                    bucket.aiDecisionCount > 0 ? bucket.aiDecisionNs / bucket.aiDecisionCount / 1_000_000 : 0,
+                commandCount: bucket.commandCount,
+                totalCommandExecutionMs: bucket.commandExecutionNs / 1_000_000,
+                averageCommandExecutionMs:
+                    bucket.commandCount > 0 ? bucket.commandExecutionNs / bucket.commandCount / 1_000_000 : 0,
+            }));
+        const startIndex = input.startYear * 12 + input.startMonth - 1;
+        const finalIndex = input.finalYear * 12 + input.finalMonth - 1;
+
+        return {
+            schemaVersion: 1,
+            runtime: {
+                node: process.version,
+                platform: process.platform,
+                arch: process.arch,
+                cpuModel: os.cpus()[0]?.model ?? 'unknown',
+                logicalCpuCount: os.cpus().length,
+                totalMemoryBytes: os.totalmem(),
+            },
+            scenario: {
+                id: input.scenarioId,
+                title: input.scenarioTitle,
+                hiddenSeed: input.hiddenSeed,
+                initialGeneralCount: input.initialGeneralCount,
+                initialCityCount: input.initialCityCount,
+                startYear: input.startYear,
+                startMonth: input.startMonth,
+                convergenceAssist: input.convergenceAssist,
+            },
+            result: {
+                unificationReached: input.unificationReached,
+                finalYear: input.finalYear,
+                finalMonth: input.finalMonth,
+                simulatedMonths: finalIndex - startIndex,
+                finalGeneralCount: input.finalGeneralCount,
+                foundedNationCount: input.foundedNationCount,
+                finalNationCount: input.finalNationCount,
+                wallDurationMs: Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - input.startedAtNs) / 1_000_000,
+                discardedDrafts: input.discardedDrafts,
+            },
+            npcDecisionByOfficerGroup: {
+                chief: summarizeSeries(this.decisionSeries.get('chief')!),
+                ordinary: summarizeSeries(this.decisionSeries.get('ordinary')!),
+            },
+            generalTurnByOfficerGroup: {
+                chief: summarizeSeries(this.turnSeries.get('chief')!),
+                ordinary: summarizeSeries(this.turnSeries.get('ordinary')!),
+            },
+            memory: {
+                maxObservedHeapUsedBytes: this.maxHeapUsedBytes,
+                maxObservedRssBytes: this.maxRssBytes,
+                processResourceMaxRssBytes: process.resourceUsage().maxRSS * 1024,
+            },
+            commands,
+            months,
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/helpers/turnTestHarness.ts b/app/game-engine/test/helpers/turnTestHarness.ts
index d8f8b612..64e0a7dc 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/helpers/turnTestHarness.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/helpers/turnTestHarness.ts
@@ -67,10 +67,12 @@ export type TurnTestHarnessOptions = {
     };
     turnProcessorOptions?: {
         tickMinutes: number;
+        beforeExecuteGeneral?: InMemoryTurnProcessorOptions['beforeExecuteGeneral'];
         afterExecuteGeneral?: InMemoryTurnProcessorOptions['afterExecuteGeneral'];
     };
     worldRef?: { current: InMemoryTurnWorld | null };
     onActionResolved?: Parameters<typeof createReservedTurnHandler>[0]['onActionResolved'];
+    onActionProfiled?: Parameters<typeof createReservedTurnHandler>[0]['onActionProfiled'];
     commandRngFactory?: Parameters<typeof createReservedTurnHandler>[0]['commandRngFactory'];
     wrapGeneralTurnHandler?: (handler: GeneralTurnHandler) => GeneralTurnHandler;
     extraCalendarHandlers?: TurnCalendarHandler[];
@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@ export const createTurnTestHarness = async (options: TurnTestHarnessOptions) =>
         unitSet: options.snapshot.unitSet,
         getWorld: () => worldRef.current,
         onActionResolved: options.onActionResolved,
+        onActionProfiled: options.onActionProfiled,
         commandRngFactory: options.commandRngFactory,
     });
 
@@ -150,6 +153,7 @@ export const createTurnTestHarness = async (options: TurnTestHarnessOptions) =>
 
     const processor = new InMemoryTurnProcessor(world, {
         tickMinutes: options.turnProcessorOptions?.tickMinutes ?? 10,
+        beforeExecuteGeneral: options.turnProcessorOptions?.beforeExecuteGeneral,
         afterExecuteGeneral: options.turnProcessorOptions?.afterExecuteGeneral,
     });
 
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/npcScenarioUnificationBenchmark.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/npcScenarioUnificationBenchmark.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0bcb7ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/npcScenarioUnificationBenchmark.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+import { mkdirSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { dirname, resolve } from 'node:path';
+
+import { buildScenarioBootstrap, type City, type TurnSchedule } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { loadMapDefinitionByName } from '../src/scenario/mapLoader.js';
+import { loadScenarioDefinitionById } from '../src/scenario/scenarioLoader.js';
+import { loadUnitSetDefinitionByName } from '../src/scenario/unitSetLoader.js';
+import { applyInitialChangeCityEvents } from '../src/turn/monthlyChangeCityAction.js';
+import { createUnificationHandler } from '../src/turn/unificationHandler.js';
+import type { InMemoryTurnWorld } from '../src/turn/inMemoryWorld.js';
+import type { TurnGeneral, TurnWorldSnapshot, TurnWorldState } from '../src/turn/types.js';
+import { createTurnTestHarness } from './helpers/turnTestHarness.js';
+import { NpcUnificationTimingProfiler } from './helpers/npcUnificationTimingProfiler.js';
+
+const benchmarkEnabled = process.env.NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK === '1';
+const benchmarkDescribe = describe.runIf(benchmarkEnabled);
+const SCENARIO_ID = 2601;
+const HIDDEN_SEED = 'scenario-2601-npc-unification-benchmark-v1';
+const TURN_MINUTES = 10;
+
+const createGameDate = (year: number, month: number): Date => {
+    const date = new Date(0);
+    date.setUTCFullYear(year, month - 1, 1);
+    date.setUTCHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    return date;
+};
+
+const buildTurnGeneral = (
+    domainGeneral: ReturnType<typeof buildScenarioBootstrap>['snapshot']['generals'][number],
+    seedGeneral: ReturnType<typeof buildScenarioBootstrap>['seed']['generals'][number],
+    startTime: Date,
+    startYear: number,
+    startMonth: number
+): TurnGeneral => {
+    const deathMonthRaw = seedGeneral.meta.deathMonth;
+    const deathMonth =
+        typeof deathMonthRaw === 'number' && Number.isInteger(deathMonthRaw) ? deathMonthRaw : startMonth;
+    const killturn = Math.max(0, (seedGeneral.deathYear - startYear) * 12 + (deathMonth - 1) + startMonth - 1);
+    const initialTurnOffsetMicros =
+        typeof seedGeneral.meta.initialTurnOffsetMicros === 'number' ? seedGeneral.meta.initialTurnOffsetMicros : 0;
+    return {
+        ...domainGeneral,
+        userId: null,
+        bornYear: seedGeneral.birthYear,
+        deadYear: seedGeneral.deathYear,
+        affinity: seedGeneral.affinity,
+        picture: seedGeneral.picture === null ? null : String(seedGeneral.picture),
+        startAge: 20,
+        turnTime: new Date(startTime.getTime() + Math.floor(initialTurnOffsetMicros / 1_000)),
+        recentWarTime: null,
+        lastTurn: { command: '휴식' },
+        penalty: {},
+        inheritancePoints: {},
+        meta: {
+            ...domainGeneral.meta,
+            ...seedGeneral.meta,
+            killturn,
+            npcType: seedGeneral.npcType,
+            crewTypeId: seedGeneral.crewTypeId,
+        },
+    };
+};
+
+const buildTurnCity = (seed: ReturnType<typeof buildScenarioBootstrap>['seed']['cities'][number]): City => ({
+    id: seed.id,
+    name: seed.name,
+    nationId: seed.nationId,
+    level: seed.level,
+    state: seed.state,
+    population: seed.population,
+    populationMax: seed.populationMax,
+    agriculture: seed.agriculture,
+    agricultureMax: seed.agricultureMax,
+    commerce: seed.commerce,
+    commerceMax: seed.commerceMax,
+    security: seed.security,
+    securityMax: seed.securityMax,
+    supplyState: seed.supplyState,
+    frontState: seed.frontState,
+    defence: seed.defence,
+    defenceMax: seed.defenceMax,
+    wall: seed.wall,
+    wallMax: seed.wallMax,
+    meta: {
+        ...seed.meta,
+        region: seed.region,
+        trust: seed.trust,
+        trade: seed.trade,
+        positionX: seed.position.x,
+        positionY: seed.position.y,
+    },
+});
+
+const applyConvergenceAssist = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld, mode: string): void => {
+    if (mode !== 'nation-1-max-city') return;
+    for (const city of world.listCities()) {
+        if (city.nationId !== 1) continue;
+        world.updateCity(city.id, {
+            population: city.populationMax,
+            agriculture: city.agricultureMax,
+            commerce: city.commerceMax,
+            security: city.securityMax,
+            defence: city.defenceMax,
+            wall: city.wallMax,
+            meta: { ...city.meta, trust: 100 },
+        });
+    }
+};
+
+benchmarkDescribe('scenario 2601 NPC 완전 인메모리 천통 벤치마크', () => {
+    it('DB와 Redis 없이 시작 상태부터 통일까지 자동 실행하고 상세 시간을 기록한다', async () => {
+        const startedAtNs = process.hrtime.bigint();
+        const scenario = await loadScenarioDefinitionById(SCENARIO_ID);
+        const map = await loadMapDefinitionByName(scenario.config.environment.mapName);
+        const unitSet = await loadUnitSetDefinitionByName(scenario.config.environment.unitSet);
+        const startYear = scenario.startYear ?? 180;
+        const startMonth = 1;
+        const startTime = createGameDate(startYear, startMonth);
+        const bootstrap = buildScenarioBootstrap({
+            scenario,
+            map,
+            unitSet,
+            options: {
+                hiddenSeed: HIDDEN_SEED,
+                initialYear: startYear,
+                initialMonth: startMonth,
+                turnTermMinutes: TURN_MINUTES,
+                includeNeutralNationInSeed: true,
+            },
+        });
+        expect(bootstrap.warnings).toEqual([]);
+
+        const cities = applyInitialChangeCityEvents(bootstrap.seed.cities, bootstrap.seed.initialEvents).map(
+            buildTurnCity
+        );
+        const domainGeneralById = new Map(bootstrap.snapshot.generals.map((general) => [general.id, general]));
+        const generals = bootstrap.seed.generals.map((seedGeneral) => {
+            const domainGeneral = domainGeneralById.get(seedGeneral.id);
+            if (!domainGeneral) throw new Error(`missing domain general ${seedGeneral.id}`);
+            return buildTurnGeneral(domainGeneral, seedGeneral, startTime, startYear, startMonth);
+        });
+
+        const snapshot: TurnWorldSnapshot = {
+            scenarioConfig: bootstrap.snapshot.scenarioConfig,
+            scenarioMeta: bootstrap.snapshot.scenarioMeta,
+            worldConfig: {
+                fiction: scenario.fiction,
+                npcMode: 2,
+                turnTermMinutes: TURN_MINUTES,
+                tournamentTrig: false,
+            },
+            map,
+            unitSet,
+            generals,
+            cities,
+            nations: bootstrap.snapshot.nations,
+            troops: bootstrap.snapshot.troops,
+            diplomacy: bootstrap.snapshot.diplomacy.map((entry) => ({
+                fromNationId: entry.fromNationId,
+                toNationId: entry.toNationId,
+                state: entry.state,
+                term: entry.durationMonths,
+                dead: 0,
+                meta: {},
+            })),
+            // This benchmark isolates general/nation commands and core monthly
+            // handlers. Scenario event actions are excluded explicitly below.
+            events: [],
+            initialEvents: [],
+        };
+        const state: TurnWorldState = {
+            id: 1,
+            currentYear: startYear,
+            currentMonth: startMonth,
+            tickSeconds: TURN_MINUTES * 60,
+            lastTurnTime: startTime,
+            clockBaseTime: startTime,
+            clockTick: 0,
+            clockMode: 'manual',
+            clockWallAnchor: startTime,
+            lastTurnTick: 0,
+            meta: {
+                scenarioId: SCENARIO_ID,
+                scenarioMeta: bootstrap.seed.scenarioMeta,
+                hiddenSeed: HIDDEN_SEED,
+                seed: HIDDEN_SEED,
+                initYear: startYear,
+                initMonth: startMonth,
+                fiction: scenario.fiction,
+                killturn: 4800 / TURN_MINUTES,
+                develcost: 20,
+                isUnited: 0,
+                isunited: 0,
+                lastGeneralId: Math.max(0, ...generals.map((general) => general.id)),
+                lastNationId: 0,
+                serverId: 'benchmark-scenario-2601',
+            },
+        };
+        const schedule: TurnSchedule = { entries: [{ startMinute: 0, tickMinutes: TURN_MINUTES }] };
+        const worldRef = { current: null as InMemoryTurnWorld | null };
+        const profiler = new NpcUnificationTimingProfiler();
+        const turnStartedAt = new Map<number, bigint>();
+        const convergenceAssist = process.env.NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_CONVERGENCE_ASSIST ?? 'none';
+        let foundedNationCount = 0;
+        const discardedDrafts = { logs: 0, messages: 0, neutralAuctions: 0 };
+
+        const unification = createUnificationHandler({
+            profileName: 'benchmark-scenario-2601',
+            getWorld: () => worldRef.current,
+            dispatchUnitedEvents: async () => {},
+        });
+        const harness = await createTurnTestHarness({
+            snapshot,
+            state,
+            schedule,
+            map,
+            worldRef,
+            extraCalendarHandlers: [unification.handler],
+            onActionProfiled: (payload) => profiler.observeAction(payload),
+            turnProcessorOptions: {
+                tickMinutes: TURN_MINUTES,
+                beforeExecuteGeneral: async (general) => {
+                    turnStartedAt.set(general.id, process.hrtime.bigint());
+                },
+                afterExecuteGeneral: async (general) => {
+                    const generalStartedAt = turnStartedAt.get(general.id);
+                    if (generalStartedAt === undefined) throw new Error(`missing turn timer ${general.id}`);
+                    const current = worldRef.current?.getState();
+                    if (!current) throw new Error('world not initialized');
+                    profiler.observeGeneralTurn({
+                        year: current.currentYear,
+                        month: current.currentMonth,
+                        officerLevel: general.officerLevel,
+                        durationNs: process.hrtime.bigint() - generalStartedAt,
+                    });
+                    turnStartedAt.delete(general.id);
+                },
+            },
+        });
+
+        const maximumYear = Number(process.env.NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_MAX_YEAR ?? 300);
+        while (true) {
+            const before = harness.world.getState();
+            const monthStartedAtNs = process.hrtime.bigint();
+            await harness.runOneTick({ budgetMs: 600_000, maxGenerals: 100_000, catchUpCap: 1 });
+            profiler.observeMonth({
+                year: before.currentYear,
+                month: before.currentMonth,
+                wallDurationMs: Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - monthStartedAtNs) / 1_000_000,
+                activeNationCount: harness.world.listNations().filter((nation) => nation.level > 0).length,
+                generalCount: harness.world.listGenerals().length,
+            });
+            applyConvergenceAssist(harness.world, convergenceAssist);
+            const activeNationCount = harness.world.listNations().filter((nation) => nation.level > 0).length;
+            foundedNationCount = Math.max(foundedNationCount, activeNationCount);
+            const changes = harness.world.consumeDirtyState();
+            discardedDrafts.logs += changes.logs.length;
+            discardedDrafts.messages += changes.messages.length;
+            discardedDrafts.neutralAuctions += changes.pendingNeutralAuctions.length;
+            const reservedChanges = harness.reservedTurnStore.peekDirtyState();
+            harness.reservedTurnStore.acknowledgeDirtyState(reservedChanges);
+
+            const current = harness.world.getState();
+            const meta = current.meta as Record<string, unknown>;
+            if ((meta.isUnited ?? meta.isunited ?? 0) !== 0) break;
+            if (current.currentYear >= maximumYear) break;
+        }
+
+        const finalState = harness.world.getState();
+        const finalMeta = finalState.meta as Record<string, unknown>;
+        const unificationReached = (finalMeta.isUnited ?? finalMeta.isunited ?? 0) !== 0;
+        const finalNationCount = harness.world.listNations().filter((nation) => nation.level > 0).length;
+        const report = profiler.buildReport({
+            startedAtNs,
+            scenarioId: SCENARIO_ID,
+            scenarioTitle: scenario.title,
+            hiddenSeed: HIDDEN_SEED,
+            initialGeneralCount: generals.length,
+            initialCityCount: cities.length,
+            startYear,
+            startMonth,
+            finalYear: finalState.currentYear,
+            finalMonth: finalState.currentMonth,
+            finalGeneralCount: harness.world.listGenerals().length,
+            foundedNationCount,
+            finalNationCount,
+            unificationReached,
+            convergenceAssist,
+            discardedDrafts,
+        });
+        const reportPath = resolve(
+            process.env.NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_REPORT_PATH ?? 'test-results/npc-scenario-unification-benchmark.json'
+        );
+        mkdirSync(dirname(reportPath), { recursive: true });
+        writeFileSync(reportPath, `${JSON.stringify(report, null, 2)}\n`, 'utf8');
+        console.log(
+            `[NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_REPORT]${JSON.stringify({
+                reportPath,
+                scenario: report.scenario,
+                result: report.result,
+                npcDecisionByOfficerGroup: report.npcDecisionByOfficerGroup,
+                generalTurnByOfficerGroup: report.generalTurnByOfficerGroup,
+                memory: report.memory,
+            })}`
+        );
+
+        expect(generals.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(600);
+        expect(cities.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(90);
+        expect(unificationReached).toBe(true);
+    }, 1_800_000);
+});
diff --git a/docs/architecture/npc-unification-timing-benchmark.md b/docs/architecture/npc-unification-timing-benchmark.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94bed514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/architecture/npc-unification-timing-benchmark.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# NPC 대규모 인메모리 천통 시간 벤치마크
+
+## 목적
+
+`scenario_2601`의 장수 roster와 `che` 지도를 사용해 PostgreSQL·Redis를
+연결하지 않은 계산 전용 월드에서 NPC가 건국부터 통일까지 자동 진행하는 시간을
+측정한다. 전체 wall time과 함께 다음 구간을 분리한다.
+
+- 일반/국가 커맨드 실행 시간
+- NPC AI 판단 시간
+- 수뇌(`officerLevel >= 5`)와 일반 NPC 장수 턴 시간
+- 게임 연월별 월 처리 시간과 국가·장수 수
+
+이 벤치마크는 DB throughput이나 production daemon capacity를 측정하지 않는다.
+서버 계산량의 상한/회귀를 재현하는 프로파일이며 실제 운영 wall time에는
+PostgreSQL transaction, flush, lease, Redis, API와 다른 프로세스 경합을 별도로
+더해야 한다.
+
+## 실행
+
+기본 실행은 고정 seed, 시나리오 2601, 880명, 94도시, 10분 턴과 300년 안전
+상한을 사용한다.
+
+```sh
+NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_CONVERGENCE_ASSIST=none \
+NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_MAX_YEAR=300 \
+NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_REPORT_PATH=/dev/shm/npc-unification.json \
+pnpm --filter @sammo-ts/game-engine profile:npc-unification-timing
+```
+
+`NPC_UNIFICATION_BENCHMARK_CONVERGENCE_ASSIST=none`이 무보정 자연 진행이다.
+비교용 `nation-1-max-city`는 매월 1번 국가가 이미 소유한 도시의 인구·내정·방어·성벽과
+민심을 최대값으로 복원한다. 국가 선택, 외교, 출병, 전투, 점령, 멸망과 통일
+판정을 직접 만들지는 않는다. 대형 fixture가 유한 시간에 통일하도록 한 기존
+`npcNationUprisingUnification.test.ts`의 수렴 보조를 94도시로 확장한 것이다.
+
+## 실행 경계
+
+포함하는 경로는 다음과 같다.
+
+- `scenario_2601.json` 합성 loader, `map_che.json`, `unitset_che.json`
+- `buildScenarioBootstrap()`의 deterministic 초기 배치
+- `InMemoryTurnWorld`, `InMemoryReservedTurnStore`, `InMemoryTurnProcessor`
+- `GeneralAI.chooseNationTurn()`과 `chooseGeneralTurn()`
+- 실제 일반/국가 action definition, 전투, 점령과 국가 멸망
+- test harness의 국가 예약턴 월 갱신, 수입, NPC 세금, 전선 갱신
+- 실제 `unificationHandler.ts`의 단일 국가·전 도시 소유 판정과 in-memory draft
+
+제외하는 경로는 다음과 같다.
+
+- PostgreSQL loader, transaction, lease, flush와 통일 최종 archive
+- Redis tournament/realtime
+- scenario event action과 yearbook persistence
+- API, scheduler sleep, worker IPC와 browser
+
+월마다 `world.consumeDirtyState()`와 예약 큐 acknowledgement를 호출해 log,
+message와 persistence draft를 메모리 sink로 비운다. DB write는 수행하지 않지만
+운영 flush 뒤 메모리 draft가 정리되는 경계는 재현한다.
+
+## 계측 정의
+
+`createReservedTurnHandler()`의 선택적 `onActionProfiled` hook은 hook을 넘긴
+경우에만 `process.hrtime.bigint()`로 다음 시간을 잰다.
+
+- `aiDecisionDurationNs`: `GeneralAI` 생성/재사용과 해당
+  `chooseNationTurn()` 또는 `chooseGeneralTurn()` 호출
+- `actionDurationNs`: 선택된 action의 parse, constraint, execute와 결과 patch
+  생성
+
+`InMemoryTurnProcessor`의 before/after hook은 한 장수 턴 전체를 잰다. 수뇌는
+한 턴에 국가 AI와 일반 AI를 모두 실행할 수 있으므로 수뇌의 “판단/턴”은 두
+decision 합계를 수뇌 턴 수로 나누어 해석한다. JSON은 커맨드별 count/total/
+average/p50/p95/p99/max, 수뇌 여부, 연월별 합계와 process memory high-water를
+포함한다.
+
+계측 clock 호출과 배열 수집 자체의 overhead가 wall time에 포함된다. 같은
+고정 seed의 독립 실행을 반복하여 결과 state가 같고 wall time만 변하는지 함께
+확인해야 한다.
+
+## 2026-08-15 기준 결과
+
+AMD Ryzen 7 9800X3D, 16 logical CPU, Node v24.18.0, Linux x64의 shared 개발
+호스트에서 무보정 자연 실행 두 번 모두 242년 4월, 747개월, 46개국 건국,
+총 699,892 장수 턴과 최종 장수 970명으로 동일하게 통일했다. wall time은
+483.68초와 466.91초(평균 475.29초)였다. 상세 수치와 커맨드 33종 표는 상위 작업공간의
+`report/2026-08-15-NPC-대규모-인메모리-천통-벤치마크.md`에 기록한다.
+
+수렴 보조 실행 두 번은 225년 11월에 375.24/422.68초로 끝났다.
+도시 자원 복원이 전쟁과 통일 연월에 영향을 줬으므로 이 수치는 자연 실행과 분리한
+비교 근거로만 사용한다.