diff --git a/hwe/_admin1_submit.php b/hwe/_admin1_submit.php
index 51827d42..47732316 100644
--- a/hwe/_admin1_submit.php
+++ b/hwe/_admin1_submit.php
@@ -25,13 +25,15 @@ if (!$v->validate()) {
 $msg = Util::getPost('msg');
 $btn = Util::getPost('btn');
 $log = Util::getPost('log');
-$starttime = Util::getPost('starttime', 'string', (new \DateTime())->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'));
+$starttime = Util::getPost('starttime', 'string', null);
 $maxgeneral = Util::getPost('maxgeneral', 'int', GameConst::$defaultMaxGeneral);
 $maxnation = Util::getPost('maxnation', 'int', GameConst::$defaultMaxNation);
 $startyear = Util::getPost('startyear', 'int', GameConst::$defaultStartYear);
 
 $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$starttime ??= $clock->formatTick($clock->nowTick());
 
 $admin = getAdmin();
 
@@ -43,7 +45,6 @@ switch ($btn) {
         pushGlobalHistoryLog(["<R>★</><S>{$log}</>"]);
         break;
     case "변경1":
-        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
         $gameStor->clock_base_time = TimeUtil::format(GameClock::baseTimeForProjection(
             new \DateTimeImmutable($starttime),
             Util::toInt($gameStor->starttime),
diff --git a/hwe/_admin2_submit.php b/hwe/_admin2_submit.php
index e3ad0652..d2502089 100644
--- a/hwe/_admin2_submit.php
+++ b/hwe/_admin2_submit.php
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
     case "경험치1000":
         $text = $btn . " 지급!";
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         $db->update('general', [
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
     case "공헌치1000":
         $text = $btn . " 지급!";
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         $db->update('general', [
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
     case "보숙10000":
         $text = "보병숙련도+10000 지급!";
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         $db->update('general', [
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
     case "궁숙10000":
         $text = "궁병숙련도+10000 지급!";
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         $db->update('general', [
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
         $src = MessageTarget::buildQuick($session->generalID);
         $text = "기병숙련도+10000 지급!";
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         $db->update('general', [
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
         $src = MessageTarget::buildQuick($session->generalID);
         $text = "귀병숙련도+10000 지급!";
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         $db->update('general', [
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
         $src = MessageTarget::buildQuick($session->generalID);
         $text = "차병숙련도+10000 지급!";
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         $db->update('general', [
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ switch ($btn) {
     case "메세지 전달":
         $text = $msg ?? '';
         foreach ($genlist as $generalID) {
-            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, new \DateTime(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
+            $msg = new Message(MessageType::private, $src, MessageTarget::buildQuick($generalID), $text, Message::gameNow(), new \DateTime('9999-12-31'), []);
             $msg->send(true);
         }
         break;
diff --git a/hwe/_admin8.php b/hwe/_admin8.php
index a70018b4..8248b54d 100644
--- a/hwe/_admin8.php
+++ b/hwe/_admin8.php
@@ -100,8 +100,6 @@ $sel[$type] = "selected";
                     throw new \Exception("알 수 없는 외교 상태: {$dip['state']}");
             }
 
-            $date = TimeUtil::now();
-
             echo "
     <tr>
         <td align=center style=color:" . newColor($nationColor[$me]) . ";background-color:{$nationColor[$me]};>$nationName[$me]</td>
@@ -122,4 +120,4 @@ $sel[$type] = "selected";
     </table>
 </body>
 
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/hwe/a_traffic.php b/hwe/a_traffic.php
index 483e061e..655020b3 100644
--- a/hwe/a_traffic.php
+++ b/hwe/a_traffic.php
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ include "func.php";
 
 $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
 
 increaseRefresh("갱신정보", 1);
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ $recentTraffic[] = [
     'month'   => $admin['month'],
     'refresh' => $admin['refresh'],
     'online'  => $curonline,
-    'date' => TimeUtil::now()
+    'date' => $clock->formatNow()
 ];
 
 if ($admin['maxrefresh'] == 0) {
diff --git a/hwe/func.php b/hwe/func.php
index d72cad9b..f3ca231d 100644
--- a/hwe/func.php
+++ b/hwe/func.php
@@ -1082,12 +1082,12 @@ function updateTraffic()
     if(count($recentTraffic) >= 5){
         array_shift($recentTraffic);
     }
-    $recentTraffic[] = [
+    $recentTraffic[] = [
         'year'=>$admin['year'],
         'month' => $admin['month'],
         'refresh' => $admin['refresh'],
         'online' => $online,
-        'date' => TimeUtil::now(),
+        'date' => GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatNow(),
     ];
     $gameStor->recentTraffic = $recentTraffic;
 
@@ -1376,12 +1376,14 @@ function CheckHall($no)
         return;
     }
 
-    $unitedDate = TimeUtil::now();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    $unitedDate = $clock->formatTick($clock->nowTick());
     $nation = $generalObj->getStaticNation();
 
     $serverCnt = $db->queryFirstField('SELECT count(*) FROM ng_games');
 
-    [$scenarioIdx, $scenarioName, $startTime] = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['scenario', 'scenario_text', 'starttime']);
+    [$scenarioIdx, $scenarioName, $startTick] = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['scenario', 'scenario_text', 'starttime']);
+    $startTime = $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($startTick));
 
     $ownerName = $generalObj->getVar('owner_name');
     if ($generalObj->getVar('owner')) {
@@ -1786,11 +1788,13 @@ function deleteNation(General $lord, bool $applyDB): array
     // 부대 삭제
     $db->delete('troop', 'nation=%i', $nationID);
 
-    // 국가 삭제
-    $db->insert('ng_old_nations', [
-        'server_id' => UniqueConst::$serverID,
-        'nation' => $nationID,
-        'data' => Json::encode($nation)
+    // 국가 삭제
+    $gameDate = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->formatNow();
+    $db->insert('ng_old_nations', [
+        'server_id' => UniqueConst::$serverID,
+        'nation' => $nationID,
+        'date' => $gameDate,
+        'data' => Json::encode($nation)
     ]);
     $db->delete('nation', 'nation=%i', $nationID);
     $db->delete('nation_turn', 'nation_id=%i', $nationID);
diff --git a/hwe/func_gamerule.php b/hwe/func_gamerule.php
index 707d3406..ca448876 100644
--- a/hwe/func_gamerule.php
+++ b/hwe/func_gamerule.php
@@ -838,20 +838,23 @@ function checkEmperior()
     $nation['aux'] += $nationStor->max_power ?? [];
     $nation['history'] = getNationHistoryLogAll($nation['nation']);
 
-    storeOldGenerals(0, $admin['year'], $admin['month']);
-    storeOldGenerals($nation['nation'], $admin['year'], $admin['month']);
-
-    $db->insert('ng_old_nations', [
-        'server_id' => UniqueConst::$serverID,
-        'nation' => $nation['nation'],
-        'data' => Json::encode($nation)
+    storeOldGenerals(0, $admin['year'], $admin['month']);
+    storeOldGenerals($nation['nation'], $admin['year'], $admin['month']);
+    $gameDate = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatNow();
+
+    $db->insert('ng_old_nations', [
+        'server_id' => UniqueConst::$serverID,
+        'nation' => $nation['nation'],
+        'date' => $gameDate,
+        'data' => Json::encode($nation)
     ]);
 
     $noNationGeneral = $db->queryFirstColumn('SELECT `no` FROM general WHERE nation=0');
     $db->insert('ng_old_nations', [
-        'server_id' => UniqueConst::$serverID,
-        'nation' => 0,
-        'data' => Json::encode([
+        'server_id' => UniqueConst::$serverID,
+        'nation' => 0,
+        'date' => $gameDate,
+        'data' => Json::encode([
             'nation' => 0,
             'name' => '재야',
             'generals' => $noNationGeneral
diff --git a/hwe/index.php b/hwe/index.php
index f294d530..15cf758f 100644
--- a/hwe/index.php
+++ b/hwe/index.php
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ include "func.php";
 Session::requireLogin()->loginGame()->setReadOnly();
 
 $mapName = GameConst::$mapName;
+$frontClock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
 
 ?>
 <!DOCTYPE html>
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ $mapName = GameConst::$mapName;
 
           'maxTurn' => GameConst::$maxTurn,
           'maxPushTurn' => 12,
-          'serverNow' => TimeUtil::now(false),
+          'serverNow' => $frontClock->formatTick($frontClock->nowTick()),
         ]
     ], false) ?>
     <?= WebUtil::printJS('../d_shared/common_path.js') ?>
@@ -42,4 +43,4 @@ $mapName = GameConst::$mapName;
     <div id="app"></div>
 </body>
 
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/hwe/j_autoreset.php b/hwe/j_autoreset.php
index 4a881457..e8ded5c3 100644
--- a/hwe/j_autoreset.php
+++ b/hwe/j_autoreset.php
@@ -25,21 +25,24 @@ if(!$reserved){
     ]);
 }
 
-$reservedDate = new \DateTime($reserved['date']);
-$now = new \DateTime();
+$reservedDate = new \DateTimeImmutable($reserved['date']);
+$now = GameClock::readWallTime();
 
 
 $status = 'not_yet';
 
-list($isUnited, $lastTurn) = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['isunited', 'turntime']);
-if($isUnited === null || $lastTurn === null){
-    $isUnited = 2;
-    $lastTurn = '2000-01-01';
-}
-
-if($lastTurn !== null){
-    $lastTurn = new \DateTime($lastTurn);
-}
+list($isUnited, $unitedWallAnchor) = $gameStor->getValuesAsArray(['isunited', 'autoreset_united_wall_anchor']);
+if($isUnited === null){
+    $isUnited = 2;
+}
+$lastTurn = null;
+if($isUnited > 0){
+    if(!is_string($unitedWallAnchor) || $unitedWallAnchor === ''){
+        $unitedWallAnchor = TimeUtil::format($now, true);
+        $gameStor->autoreset_united_wall_anchor = $unitedWallAnchor;
+    }
+    $lastTurn = new \DateTimeImmutable($unitedWallAnchor);
+}
 
 if($lastTurn === null){
     //이미 리셋된 상태임
@@ -99,4 +102,4 @@ $result['affected']=1;
 $prefix = DB::prefix();
 ServConfig::getServerList()[$prefix]->openServer();
 
-Json::die($result);
\ No newline at end of file
+Json::die($result);
diff --git a/hwe/j_board_article_add.php b/hwe/j_board_article_add.php
index 35ea3ae6..be901f1c 100644
--- a/hwe/j_board_article_add.php
+++ b/hwe/j_board_article_add.php
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ $session = Session::requireGameLogin()->setReadOnly();
 $userID = Session::getUserID();
 
 $db = DB::db();
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
 
 $isSecretBoard = Util::getPost('isSecret', 'bool', false);
 $title = Util::getPost('title');
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ $icon = GetImageURL($me['imgsvr'], $me['picture']);
 $db->insert('board', [
     'nation_no'=>$me['nation'],
     'is_secret'=>$isSecretBoard,
-    'date'=>TimeUtil::now(),
+    'date'=>$clock->formatNow(),
     'general_no'=>$me['no'],
     'author'=>$me['name'],
     'author_icon'=>$icon,
@@ -79,4 +80,4 @@ Json::die([
     'result'=>true,
     'reason'=>'success',
     'row_id'=>$db->insertId()
-]);
\ No newline at end of file
+]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_board_comment_add.php b/hwe/j_board_comment_add.php
index 4fc660be..57c41d51 100644
--- a/hwe/j_board_comment_add.php
+++ b/hwe/j_board_comment_add.php
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ $session = Session::requireGameLogin()->setReadOnly();
 $userID = Session::getUserID();
 
 $db = DB::db();
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
 
 $articleNo = Util::getPost('articleNo', 'int');
 $text = Util::getPost('text');
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ else if ($isSecretBoard && $permission < 2) {
 $db->insert('comment', [
     'nation_no'=>$me['nation'],
     'is_secret'=>$isSecretBoard,
-    'date'=>TimeUtil::now(),
+    'date'=>$clock->formatNow(),
     'document_no'=>$articleNo,
     'general_no'=>$me['no'],
     'author'=>$me['name'],
@@ -84,4 +85,4 @@ Json::die([
     'result'=>true,
     'reason'=>'success',
     'row_id'=>$db->insertId()
-]);
\ No newline at end of file
+]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_diplomacy_destroy_letter.php b/hwe/j_diplomacy_destroy_letter.php
index f7ed149e..dbca577a 100644
--- a/hwe/j_diplomacy_destroy_letter.php
+++ b/hwe/j_diplomacy_destroy_letter.php
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ else{
 }
 
 
-$now = new \DateTime();
+$now = Message::gameNow();
 $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
 if(in_array($stateOpt, ['try_destroy_src', 'try_destroy_dest'])){
@@ -138,4 +138,4 @@ Json::die([
     'result'=>true,
     'reason'=>'success',
     'state'=>$lastState
-]);
\ No newline at end of file
+]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_diplomacy_respond_letter.php b/hwe/j_diplomacy_respond_letter.php
index ce8c4d8f..06b9d455 100644
--- a/hwe/j_diplomacy_respond_letter.php
+++ b/hwe/j_diplomacy_respond_letter.php
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ $destNation = getNationStaticInfo($letter['dest_nation_id']);
 $src = new MessageTarget($me['no'], $me['name'], $destNation['nation'], $destNation['name'], $destNation['color'], $me['icon']);
 $dest = new MessageTarget(0, '', $srcNation['nation'], $srcNation['name'], $srcNation['color']);
 
-$now = new \DateTime();
+$now = Message::gameNow();
 $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
 if($isAgree){
@@ -133,4 +133,4 @@ $msgID = $msg->send();
 Json::die([
     'result'=>true,
     'reason'=>'success'
-]);
\ No newline at end of file
+]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_diplomacy_rollback_letter.php b/hwe/j_diplomacy_rollback_letter.php
index f8bc1f9b..951bdbc9 100644
--- a/hwe/j_diplomacy_rollback_letter.php
+++ b/hwe/j_diplomacy_rollback_letter.php
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ $destNation = getNationStaticInfo($letter['dest_nation_id']);
 $src = new MessageTarget($me['no'], $me['name'], $srcNation['nation'], $srcNation['name'], $srcNation['color'], $me['icon']);
 $dest = new MessageTarget(0, '', $destNation['nation'], $destNation['name'], $destNation['color']);
 
-$now = new \DateTime();
+$now = Message::gameNow();
 $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
 $aux['reason'] = [
@@ -91,4 +91,4 @@ $msgID = $msg->send();
 Json::die([
     'result'=>true,
     'reason'=>'success'
-]);
\ No newline at end of file
+]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_diplomacy_send_letter.php b/hwe/j_diplomacy_send_letter.php
index ea05671e..f3e9aa85 100644
--- a/hwe/j_diplomacy_send_letter.php
+++ b/hwe/j_diplomacy_send_letter.php
@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@ else{
 
 $me['icon'] = GetImageURL($me['imgsvr'], $me['picture']);
 
+$clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+$gameNow = $clock->nowDateTime();
 $db->insert('ng_diplomacy', [
     'src_nation_id'=>$srcNation['nation'],
     'dest_nation_id'=>$destNation['nation'],
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ $db->insert('ng_diplomacy', [
     'state'=>'proposed',
     'text_brief'=>$textBrief,
     'text_detail'=>$textDetail,
-    'date'=>TimeUtil::now(),
+    'date'=>TimeUtil::format($gameNow),
     'src_signer'=>$me['no'],
     'dest_signer'=>null,
     'aux'=>Json::encode([
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ $newLetterNo = $db->insertId();
 $src = new MessageTarget($me['no'], $me['name'], $srcNation['nation'], $srcNation['name'], $srcNation['color'], $me['icon']);
 $dest = new MessageTarget(0, '', $destNation['nation'], $destNation['name'], $destNation['color']);
 
-$now = new \DateTime();
+$now = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($gameNow);
 $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
 $josaYi = JosaUtil::pick($newLetterNo, '이');
@@ -195,4 +197,4 @@ Json::die([
     'result'=>true,
     'reason'=>'success',
     'row_id'=>$db->insertId()
-]);
\ No newline at end of file
+]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_get_select_npc_token.php b/hwe/j_get_select_npc_token.php
index ccbcd081..a62c3868 100644
--- a/hwe/j_get_select_npc_token.php
+++ b/hwe/j_get_select_npc_token.php
@@ -79,7 +79,9 @@ if($token && !$refresh){
         'pick'=>Json::decode($token['pick_result']),
         'pickMoreFrom'=>$clock->formatTick($pickMoreFrom),
         'pickMoreSeconds'=>intdiv($pickMoreFrom - $now, $clock->ticksPerSecond()),
-        'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($token['valid_until']))
+        'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($token['valid_until'])),
+        'validForSeconds'=>max(0, intdiv(Util::toInt($token['valid_until']) - $now, $clock->ticksPerSecond())),
+        'clockMode'=>$clock->getMode(),
     ]);
 }
 
@@ -171,5 +173,7 @@ Json::die([
     'pick'=>$pickResult,
     'pickMoreFrom'=>$clock->formatTick(($inserted===-1)?$pickMoreFrom:$now),
     'pickMoreSeconds'=>($inserted===-1)?$pickMoreSecond:0,
-    'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick($validUntil)
+    'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick($validUntil),
+    'validForSeconds'=>max(0, intdiv($validUntil - $now, $clock->ticksPerSecond())),
+    'clockMode'=>$clock->getMode(),
 ]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_get_select_pool.php b/hwe/j_get_select_pool.php
index 9e3d9c0b..8121449d 100644
--- a/hwe/j_get_select_pool.php
+++ b/hwe/j_get_select_pool.php
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ if($tokens){
     Json::die([
         'result'=>true,
         'pick'=>$pick,
-        'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($valid_until))
+        'validUntil'=>$clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($valid_until)),
+        'validForSeconds'=>max(0, intdiv(Util::toInt($valid_until) - $now, $clock->ticksPerSecond())),
+        'clockMode'=>$clock->getMode(),
     ]);
 }
 
@@ -106,5 +108,7 @@ sortTokens($pick);//좀 무식하지만..
 Json::die([
     'result'=>true,
     'pick'=>$pick,
-    'validUntil'=>$valid_until === null ? null : $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($valid_until))
-]);
+    'validUntil'=>$valid_until === null ? null : $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($valid_until)),
+    'validForSeconds'=>$valid_until === null ? 0 : max(0, intdiv(Util::toInt($valid_until) - $now, $clock->ticksPerSecond())),
+    'clockMode'=>$clock->getMode(),
+]);
diff --git a/hwe/j_myBossInfo.php b/hwe/j_myBossInfo.php
index e4ff7e3c..9404571d 100644
--- a/hwe/j_myBossInfo.php
+++ b/hwe/j_myBossInfo.php
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ function do추방(General $general, int $myOfficerLevel): ?string
                 $src,
                 $src,
                 $str,
-                new \DateTime(),
+                Message::gameNow(),
                 new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
                 []
             );
diff --git a/hwe/j_server_basic_info.php b/hwe/j_server_basic_info.php
index d7868a56..27119356 100644
--- a/hwe/j_server_basic_info.php
+++ b/hwe/j_server_basic_info.php
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ $admin['maxUserCnt'] = $admin['maxgeneral'];
 $admin['npcMode'] = $admin['npcmode'];
 $admin['turnTerm'] = $admin['turnterm'];
 $admin['isUnited'] = $admin['isunited'];
+$admin['isOpen'] = $clock->nowTick() >= Util::toInt($admin['opentime']);
 $admin['starttime'] = substr($clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($admin['opentime'])), 5, 11);
 $admin['turntime'] = substr($clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($admin['turntime'])), 5, 11);
 unset($admin['npcmode']);
diff --git a/hwe/j_set_npc_control.php b/hwe/j_set_npc_control.php
index bc8d0a96..f60bfa39 100644
--- a/hwe/j_set_npc_control.php
+++ b/hwe/j_set_npc_control.php
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ if ($permission < 3) {
 function applyNationPolicy($policy, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
 {
     $db = DB::db();
+    $gameNow = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->formatNow();
     $nationStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, $nationID, 'nation_env');
 
     $defaultPolicy = AutorunNationPolicy::$defaultPolicy;
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ function applyNationPolicy($policy, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
 
     $nationPolicyRoot['values'] = $nationPolicy;
     $nationPolicyRoot['valueSetter'] = $generalName;
-    $nationPolicyRoot['valueSetTime'] = TimeUtil::now();
+    $nationPolicyRoot['valueSetTime'] = $gameNow;
     $nationStor->npc_nation_policy = $nationPolicyRoot;
     return null;
 }
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ function applyNationPolicy($policy, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
 function applyNationPriority($priority, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
 {
     $db = DB::db();
+    $gameNow = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->formatNow();
     $nationStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, $nationID, 'nation_env');
     $nationPolicyRoot = $nationStor->npc_nation_policy;
 
@@ -158,7 +160,7 @@ function applyNationPriority($priority, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
     }
     $nationPolicyRoot['priority'] = $priority;
     $nationPolicyRoot['prioritySetter'] = $generalName;
-    $nationPolicyRoot['prioritySetTime'] = TimeUtil::now();
+    $nationPolicyRoot['prioritySetTime'] = $gameNow;
     $nationStor->npc_nation_policy = $nationPolicyRoot;
     return null;
 }
@@ -166,6 +168,7 @@ function applyNationPriority($priority, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
 function applyGeneralPriority($priority, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
 {
     $db = DB::db();
+    $gameNow = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->formatNow();
     $nationStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, $nationID, 'nation_env');
     $generalPolicyRoot = $nationStor->npc_general_policy;
 
@@ -206,7 +209,7 @@ function applyGeneralPriority($priority, $nationID, $generalName): ?string
 
     $generalPolicyRoot['priority'] = $priority;
     $generalPolicyRoot['prioritySetter'] = $generalName;
-    $generalPolicyRoot['prioritySetTime'] = TimeUtil::now();
+    $generalPolicyRoot['prioritySetTime'] = $gameNow;
     $nationStor->npc_general_policy = $generalPolicyRoot;
     return null;
 }
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Command/GetReservedCommand.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Command/GetReservedCommand.php
index 195376ed..0a43ddfb 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Command/GetReservedCommand.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Command/GetReservedCommand.php
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use sammo\GameConst;
 use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\Util;
 
 use function sammo\cutTurn;
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@ class GetReservedCommand extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 
         $commandList = [];
         $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
         $generalID = $session->generalID;
 
         $invalidTurnList = 0;
@@ -85,11 +85,12 @@ class GetReservedCommand extends \sammo\BaseAPI
         return [
             'result' => true,
             'turnTimeTick' => Util::toInt($turnTime),
-            'turnTime' => GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(Util::toInt($turnTime)),
+            'turnTime' => $clock->formatTick(Util::toInt($turnTime)),
             'turnTerm' => $turnTerm,
             'year' => $year,
             'month' => $month,
-            'date' => GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->formatTick(GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick(), true),
+            'date' => $clock->formatTick($clock->nowTick(), true),
+            'clockMode' => $clock->getMode(),
             'turn' => $commandList,
             'autorun_limit' => $generalAux['autorun_limit'] ?? null,
         ];
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/General/GetFrontInfo.php b/hwe/sammo/API/General/GetFrontInfo.php
index 8fc44ef7..221a20fe 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/General/GetFrontInfo.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/General/GetFrontInfo.php
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ use sammo\LastTurn;
 use sammo\Validator;
 
 use sammo\Session;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\Util;
 
 use function sammo\buildNationCommandClass;
@@ -185,8 +184,9 @@ class GetFrontInfo extends \sammo\BaseAPI
     $lastVote = null;
     if ($lastVoteID) {
       $voteStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'vote');
-      $lastVote = VoteInfo::fromArray($voteStor->getValue("vote_{$lastVoteID}"));
-      if ($lastVote->endDate && $lastVote->endDate < TimeUtil::now()) {
+      $rawLastVote = VoteInfo::normalizeGameStorage($voteStor->getValue("vote_{$lastVoteID}"), $clock);
+      $lastVote = VoteInfo::fromGameStorage($rawLastVote, $clock);
+      if ($rawLastVote['endTick'] !== null && $rawLastVote['endTick'] < $clock->nowTick()) {
         $lastVote = null;
       }
     }
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/BuyRandomUnique.php b/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/BuyRandomUnique.php
index 6e907b2e..05055a0b 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/BuyRandomUnique.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/BuyRandomUnique.php
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use sammo\Enums\RankColumn;
 use sammo\GameConst;
 use sammo\General;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\UserLogger;
 
 class BuyRandomUnique extends \sammo\BaseAPI
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ class BuyRandomUnique extends \sammo\BaseAPI
         $userLogger->push("{$reqAmount} 포인트로 랜덤 유니크 구입", "inheritPoint");
         $userLogger->flush();
 
-        $general->setAuxVar('inheritRandomUnique', TimeUtil::now());
+        $general->setAuxVar('inheritRandomUnique', true);
         $inheritStor->setValue('previous', [$previousPoint - $reqAmount, null]);
         $general->increaseRankVar(RankColumn::inherit_point_spent_dynamic, $reqAmount);
         $general->applyDB($db);
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/CheckOwner.php b/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/CheckOwner.php
index 00efbdbc..6e0f742d 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/CheckOwner.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/InheritAction/CheckOwner.php
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class CheckOwner extends \sammo\BaseAPI
                 $src,
                 $dest,
                 "{$destGeneralName}의 소유자는 {$destGeneralOwnerName} 입니다.",
-                new \DateTime(),
+                Message::gameNow(),
                 new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
                 []
             );
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class CheckOwner extends \sammo\BaseAPI
                 $src,
                 $dest,
                 "소유자명이 누군가에 의해 확인되었습니다.",
-                new \DateTime(),
+                Message::gameNow(),
                 new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
                 []
             );
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Message/SendMessage.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Message/SendMessage.php
index bc44c92d..ed697f93 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Message/SendMessage.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Message/SendMessage.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class SendMessage extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 
   private function genPublicMessage(MessageTarget $src, string $text): Message
   {
-    $now = new \DateTime();
+    $now = Message::gameNow();
     $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
     $msg = new Message(
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class SendMessage extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 
   private function genNationalMessage(MessageTarget $src, string $text): Message
   {
-    $now = new \DateTime();
+    $now = Message::gameNow();
     $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
     $dest = new MessageTarget(0, '', $src->nationID, $src->nationName, $src->color);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class SendMessage extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 
   private function genDiplomacyMessage(MessageTarget $src, int $destNationID, string $text): Message|string
   {
-    $now = new \DateTime();
+    $now = Message::gameNow();
     $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
     $destNation = getNationStaticInfo($destNationID);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class SendMessage extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 
   private function genPrivateMessage(MessageTarget $src, int $destGeneralID, int $permission, string $text): Message|string
   {
-    $now = new \DateTime();
+    $now = Message::gameNow();
     $unlimited = new \DateTime('9999-12-31');
 
     $db = DB::db();
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Nation/SetNotice.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Nation/SetNotice.php
index 8c2fa1aa..b0dac3ea 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Nation/SetNotice.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Nation/SetNotice.php
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use sammo\Session;
 use DateTimeInterface;
 use sammo\DB;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\Validator;
 use sammo\WebUtil;
 
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@ class SetNotice extends \sammo\BaseAPI
         $nationID = $me['nation'];
 
         $nationStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, $nationID, 'nation_env');
+        $gameNow = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->formatNow();
         $nationStor->nationNotice = [
-            'date'=>TimeUtil::now(),
+            'date'=>$gameNow,
             'msg'=>WebUtil::htmlPurify($msg),
             'author'=>$me['name'],
             'authorID'=>$me['no'],
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/NationCommand/GetReservedCommand.php b/hwe/sammo/API/NationCommand/GetReservedCommand.php
index 78af94eb..08e25eaf 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/NationCommand/GetReservedCommand.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/NationCommand/GetReservedCommand.php
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\General;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\Util;
 
 use function sammo\checkLimit;
@@ -40,6 +39,7 @@ class GetReservedCommand extends \sammo\BaseAPI
         increaseRefresh("사령부", 1);
 
         $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
         $userID = $session->userID;
 
         $me = $db->queryFirstRow(
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@ class GetReservedCommand extends \sammo\BaseAPI
             'year' => $year,
             'month' => $month,
             'turnTerm' => $turnTerm,
-            'date' => TimeUtil::now(true),
+            'date' => $clock->formatTick($clock->nowTick(), true),
+            'clockMode' => $clock->getMode(),
             'chiefList' => $nationChiefList,
             'troopList' => $troopList,
             'isChief' => ($me['officer_level'] > 4),
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/AddComment.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/AddComment.php
index 40b1899f..1bed91a0 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/AddComment.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/AddComment.php
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ use sammo\Enums\GeneralLiteQueryMode;
 use sammo\Enums\GeneralQueryMode;
 use sammo\General;
 use sammo\GeneralLite;
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\Session;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
 use sammo\Validator;
 
 class AddComment extends \sammo\BaseAPI
@@ -47,7 +48,8 @@ class AddComment extends \sammo\BaseAPI
     $generalName = $general->getName();
     $nationID = $general->getNationID();
     $nationName = $general->getStaticNation()['name'];
-    $date = TimeUtil::now();
+    $db = DB::db();
+    $date = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))->formatNow();
 
 
     $comment = new VoteComment(
@@ -61,7 +63,6 @@ class AddComment extends \sammo\BaseAPI
       date: $date
     );
 
-    $db = DB::db();
     $db->insert('vote_comment', $comment->toArray());
 
     return null;
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteDetail.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteDetail.php
index 26496aef..b5636a30 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteDetail.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteDetail.php
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use sammo\DB;
 use sammo\DTO\VoteComment;
 use sammo\DTO\VoteInfo;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\Validator;
@@ -35,13 +36,16 @@ class GetVoteDetail extends \sammo\BaseAPI
   {
     $voteID = $this->args['voteID'];
     $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
 
     $voteStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'vote');
     $rawVote = $voteStor->getValue("vote_{$voteID}");
     if (!$rawVote) {
       return '설문조사가 없습니다.';
     }
-    $voteInfo = VoteInfo::fromArray($rawVote);
+    $rawVote = VoteInfo::normalizeGameStorage($rawVote, $clock);
+    $voteInfo = VoteInfo::fromGameStorage($rawVote, $clock);
+    $isOpen = $rawVote['endTick'] === null || $rawVote['endTick'] >= $clock->nowTick();
 
 
     $votes = array_map(fn ($arr) => [Json::decode($arr[0]), $arr[1]], $db->queryAllLists(
@@ -70,6 +74,7 @@ class GetVoteDetail extends \sammo\BaseAPI
       'comments' => $comments,
       'myVote' => $myVote,
       'userCnt' => $userCnt,
+      'isOpen' => $isOpen,
     ];
   }
 }
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteList.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteList.php
index 810e151e..664a4988 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteList.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteList.php
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use DateTimeInterface;
 use sammo\DB;
 use sammo\DTO\VoteInfo;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\Session;
 
@@ -25,16 +26,17 @@ class GetVoteList extends \sammo\BaseAPI
   public function launch(Session $session, ?DateTimeInterface $modifiedSince, ?string $reqEtag): null | string | array | APIRecoveryType
   {
     $db = DB::db();
+    $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
 
     $voteStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'vote');
 
     $votes = [];
     foreach($voteStor->getAll() as $voteKey => $rawVote){
-      if(!str_starts_with($voteKey, 'vote_')){
+      if(preg_match('/^vote_(\d+)$/D', $voteKey, $matches) !== 1){
         continue;
       }
-      $voteID = (int)substr($voteKey, 5);
-      $votes[$voteID] = VoteInfo::fromArray($rawVote);
+      $voteID = (int)$matches[1];
+      $votes[$voteID] = VoteInfo::fromGameStorage($rawVote, $clock);
     }
 
     return [
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/NewVote.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/NewVote.php
index 507b759e..b12df17a 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/NewVote.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/NewVote.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\RootDB;
 use sammo\Session;
-use sammo\TimeUtil;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\Util;
 use sammo\Validator;
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class NewVote extends \sammo\BaseAPI
         return null;
     }
 
-    function closeOldVote(int $voteID, KVStorage $voteStor)
+    function closeOldVote(int $voteID, KVStorage $voteStor, GameClock $clock)
     {
         $db = DB::db();
         $voteStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'vote');
@@ -45,13 +45,14 @@ class NewVote extends \sammo\BaseAPI
         if (!$rawLastVoteInfo) {
             return;
         }
-        $lastVoteInfo = VoteInfo::fromArray($rawLastVoteInfo);
-        if ($lastVoteInfo->endDate) {
+        $rawLastVoteInfo = VoteInfo::normalizeGameStorage($rawLastVoteInfo, $clock);
+        if ($rawLastVoteInfo['endTick'] !== null) {
             return;
         }
 
-        $lastVoteInfo->endDate = TimeUtil::now();
-        $voteStor->setValue("vote_{$voteID}", $lastVoteInfo->toArray());
+        $rawLastVoteInfo['endTick'] = $clock->nowTick();
+        $rawLastVoteInfo['endDate'] = $clock->formatTick($rawLastVoteInfo['endTick']);
+        $voteStor->setValue("vote_{$voteID}", $rawLastVoteInfo);
     }
 
     function launch(Session $session, ?DateTimeInterface $modifiedSince, ?string $reqEtag): null | string | array | APIRecoveryType
@@ -71,7 +72,11 @@ class NewVote extends \sammo\BaseAPI
             $multipleOptions = 0;
         }
 
-        $now = TimeUtil::now();
+        $db = DB::db();
+        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $nowTick = $clock->nowTick();
+        $now = $clock->formatTick($nowTick);
         /** @var ?string */
         $endDate = $this->args['endDate'] ?? null;
         /** @var string[] */
@@ -83,9 +88,9 @@ class NewVote extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 
         if($endDate !== null){
             try{
-                $oNow = new \DateTimeImmutable($now);
                 $oEndDate = new \DateTimeImmutable($endDate);
-                if($oEndDate < $oNow){
+                $endTick = $clock->dateTimeToTick($oEndDate);
+                if($endTick < $nowTick){
                     return '종료일이 이미 지났습니다.';
                 }
             }
@@ -96,17 +101,13 @@ class NewVote extends \sammo\BaseAPI
 
         $userName = $session->userName;
 
-        $db = DB::db();
-        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
-
-
         $lastVote = $gameStor->getValue('lastVote') ?? 0;
         $voteID = $lastVote + 1;
 
         $voteStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'vote');
 
         if (!($this->args['keepOldVote'] ?? false)) {
-            $this->closeOldVote($lastVote, $voteStor);
+            $this->closeOldVote($lastVote, $voteStor, $clock);
         }
 
         $multipleOptions = Util::valueFit($multipleOptions, 0, count($options));
@@ -122,7 +123,10 @@ class NewVote extends \sammo\BaseAPI
             options: $options,
         );
 
-        $voteStor->setValue("vote_{$voteID}", $voteInfo->toArray());
+        $voteStor->setValue("vote_{$voteID}", $voteInfo->toArray() + [
+            'startTick' => $nowTick,
+            'endTick' => $endDate === null ? null : $clock->dateTimeToTick(new \DateTimeImmutable($endDate)),
+        ]);
         $gameStor->setValue('lastVote', $voteID);
 
         $db->update('general', [
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/Vote.php b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/Vote.php
index fea230c3..885e90e0 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/Vote.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/API/Vote/Vote.php
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use sammo\DTO\VoteInfo;
 use sammo\Enums\APIRecoveryType;
 use sammo\Enums\GeneralQueryMode;
 use sammo\General;
+use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
 use sammo\LiteHashDRBG;
@@ -54,15 +55,17 @@ class Vote extends \sammo\BaseAPI
             return '선택한 항목이 없습니다.';
         }
         $db = DB::db();
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
         $voteStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'vote');
 
         $rawVoteInfo = $voteStor->getValue("vote_{$voteID}");
         if (!$rawVoteInfo) {
             return '설문조사가 없습니다.';
         }
-        $voteInfo = VoteInfo::fromArray($rawVoteInfo);
+        $rawVoteInfo = VoteInfo::normalizeGameStorage($rawVoteInfo, $clock);
+        $voteInfo = VoteInfo::fromGameStorage($rawVoteInfo, $clock);
 
-        if ($voteInfo->endDate && $voteInfo->endDate < new \DateTimeImmutable()) {
+        if ($rawVoteInfo['endTick'] !== null && $rawVoteInfo['endTick'] < $clock->nowTick()) {
             return '설문조사가 종료되었습니다.';
         }
 
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_몰수.php b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_몰수.php
index f63a3cb8..20a429ed 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_몰수.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_몰수.php
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class che_몰수 extends Command\NationCommand
                 $src,
                 $src,
                 $text,
-                new \DateTime(),
+                Message::gameNow(),
                 new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
                 []
             );
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침제의.php b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침제의.php
index d33f76f5..a4057447 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침제의.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침제의.php
@@ -198,8 +198,9 @@ class che_불가침제의 extends Command\NationCommand
             $destNation['color']
         );
 
-        $now = new \DateTime($date);
-        $validUntil = new \DateTime($date);
+        $clock = \sammo\GameClock::fromStorage(\sammo\KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+        $now = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($general->getTurnTick()));
+        $validUntil = clone $now;
         $validMinutes = max(30, $env['turnterm'] * 3);
         $validUntil->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$validMinutes}M"));
 
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침파기제의.php b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침파기제의.php
index 1cf27c35..9c46b8af 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침파기제의.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_불가침파기제의.php
@@ -147,8 +147,9 @@ class che_불가침파기제의 extends Command\NationCommand{
             $destNation['color']
         );
 
-        $now = new \DateTime($date);
-        $validUntil = new \DateTime($date);
+        $clock = \sammo\GameClock::fromStorage(\sammo\KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+        $now = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($general->getTurnTick()));
+        $validUntil = clone $now;
         $validMinutes = max(30, $env['turnterm']*3);
         $validUntil->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$validMinutes}M"));
 
@@ -217,4 +218,4 @@ class che_불가침파기제의 extends Command\NationCommand{
             ],
         ];
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_종전제의.php b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_종전제의.php
index 236cb4c3..49a0a6bc 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_종전제의.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/Command/Nation/che_종전제의.php
@@ -145,8 +145,9 @@ class che_종전제의 extends Command\NationCommand{
             $destNation['color']
         );
 
-        $now = new \DateTime($date);
-        $validUntil = new \DateTime($date);
+        $clock = \sammo\GameClock::fromStorage(\sammo\KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+        $now = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($general->getTurnTick()));
+        $validUntil = clone $now;
         $validMinutes = max(30, $env['turnterm']*3);
         $validUntil->add(new \DateInterval("PT{$validMinutes}M"));
 
@@ -203,4 +204,4 @@ class che_종전제의 extends Command\NationCommand{
             ],
         ];
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/DTO/VoteInfo.php b/hwe/sammo/DTO/VoteInfo.php
index e6f817ab..22985a69 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/DTO/VoteInfo.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/DTO/VoteInfo.php
@@ -2,8 +2,41 @@
 
 namespace sammo\DTO;
 
+use sammo\GameClock;
+use sammo\Util;
+
 class VoteInfo extends \LDTO\DTO
 {
+  /**
+   * 기존 문자열만 가진 vote도 읽되, 저장 경계에서는 반드시 tick을 함께 둡니다.
+   *
+   * @return array<string,mixed>
+   */
+  public static function normalizeGameStorage(array $raw, GameClock $clock): array
+  {
+    if (!array_key_exists('startTick', $raw)) {
+      $raw['startTick'] = $clock->dateTimeToTick(new \DateTimeImmutable((string)$raw['startDate']));
+    }
+    if (!array_key_exists('endTick', $raw)) {
+      $raw['endTick'] = ($raw['endDate'] ?? null) === null
+        ? null
+        : $clock->dateTimeToTick(new \DateTimeImmutable((string)$raw['endDate']));
+    }
+
+    $raw['startTick'] = Util::toInt($raw['startTick']);
+    $raw['endTick'] = $raw['endTick'] === null ? null : Util::toInt($raw['endTick']);
+    $raw['startDate'] = $clock->formatTick($raw['startTick']);
+    $raw['endDate'] = $raw['endTick'] === null ? null : $clock->formatTick($raw['endTick']);
+    return $raw;
+  }
+
+  public static function fromGameStorage(array $raw, GameClock $clock): self
+  {
+    $raw = self::normalizeGameStorage($raw, $clock);
+    unset($raw['startTick'], $raw['endTick']);
+    return self::fromArray($raw);
+  }
+
   public function __construct(
     public int $id,
     public string $title,
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/DiplomaticMessage.php b/hwe/sammo/DiplomaticMessage.php
index a439efa1..978747ba 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/DiplomaticMessage.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/DiplomaticMessage.php
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class DiplomaticMessage extends Message{
             $this->dest,
             $this->src,
             "【외교】{$year}년 {$month}월: {$this->src->nationName}{$josaYi} {$this->dest->nationName}에게 제안한 {$this->diplomacyDetail}",
-            new \DateTime(),
+            Message::gameNow(),
             new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
             [
                 'delete'=>$this->id,
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class DiplomaticMessage extends Message{
             $this->dest,
             $this->src,
             "【외교】{$year}년 {$month}월: {$this->src->nationName}{$josaYi} {$this->dest->nationName}에게 제안한 {$this->diplomacyDetail}",
-            new \DateTime(),
+            Message::gameNow(),
             new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
             [
                 'delete'=>$this->id,
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/Event/Action/OpenNationBetting.php b/hwe/sammo/Event/Action/OpenNationBetting.php
index faec3be3..98440600 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/Event/Action/OpenNationBetting.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/Event/Action/OpenNationBetting.php
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class OpenNationBetting extends \sammo\Event\Action
         }
 
         $logger->flush();
-        $now = new DateTime();
+        $now = Message::gameNow();
         $text = "새로운 {$name} 내기가 열렸습니다. 천통국 베팅란을 확인해주세요.";
 
         $src = new MessageTarget(0, '', 0, 'System', '#000000');
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/GeneralAI.php b/hwe/sammo/GeneralAI.php
index 9a54f03d..cd56768c 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/GeneralAI.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/GeneralAI.php
@@ -3727,7 +3727,7 @@ class GeneralAI
                 $src,
                 $src,
                 $general->getVar('npcmsg'),
-                new \DateTime(),
+                Message::gameNow(),
                 new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
                 []
             );
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/Message.php b/hwe/sammo/Message.php
index 169e4103..1a140d4f 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/Message.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/Message.php
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ class Message
     ) {
     }
 
+    public static function gameNow(): \DateTime
+    {
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+        return \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->nowDateTime());
+    }
+
     public function setSentInfo(int $mailbox, int $messageID) : self
     {
         if(!Message::isValidMailBox($mailbox)){
@@ -78,6 +84,15 @@ class Message
     }
 
     public function toArray():array{
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+        $messageTick = $clock->dateTimeToTick($this->date);
+        $deleteUntilTick = GameClock::addTicks($messageTick, $clock->ticksFromMinutes(5));
+        $deleteRemainingTicks = max(0, $deleteUntilTick - $clock->nowTick());
+        $deleteRemainingTicks = min($deleteRemainingTicks, $clock->ticksFromSeconds(2_147_483));
+        $deleteRemainingMilliseconds = intdiv(
+            $deleteRemainingTicks * 1000,
+            $clock->ticksPerSecond(),
+        );
         if($this->msgType === MessageType::public){
             $src = $this->src->toArray();
             $dest = null;
@@ -98,7 +113,9 @@ class Message
             'dest'=>$dest,
             'text'=>$this->msg,
             'option'=>$this->msgOption,
-            'time'=>$this->date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s')
+            'time'=>$this->date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            'deleteRemainingMilliseconds'=>$deleteRemainingMilliseconds,
+            'clockMode'=>$clock->getMode(),
         ];
     }
 
@@ -446,7 +463,7 @@ class Message
                 $src,
                 $dest,
                 $msg,
-                new \DateTime(),
+                self::gameNow(),
                 new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
                 []
               );
@@ -480,6 +497,8 @@ class Message
     }
 
     public function invalidate(?array $newMsgOption=null, bool $hideMsg=true){
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage(DB::db(), 'game_env'));
+        $validUntilTick = $clock->dateTimeToTick($this->validUntil);
         if($newMsgOption !== null){
             $this->msgOption = $newMsgOption;
         }
@@ -487,7 +506,8 @@ class Message
         $this->msgOption['invalid'] = true;
 
         if($hideMsg){
-            $this->validUntil = new \DateTime('2000-12-31');
+            $validUntilTick = GameClock::addTicks($clock->nowTick(), -1);
+            $this->validUntil = \DateTime::createFromImmutable($clock->tickToDateTime($validUntilTick));
         }
         else{
             if(key_exists('receiverMessageID', $this->msgOption)){
@@ -505,8 +525,7 @@ class Message
                 'text' => $this->msg,
                 'option' => $this->msgOption
             ]),
-            'valid_until'=>GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'))
-                ->dateTimeToTick($this->validUntil),
+            'valid_until'=>$validUntilTick,
         ], 'id=%i', $this->id);
 
     }
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/RaiseInvaderMessage.php b/hwe/sammo/RaiseInvaderMessage.php
index e70fee8e..ab840713 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/RaiseInvaderMessage.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/RaiseInvaderMessage.php
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class RaiseInvaderMessage extends Message
         $srcTarget = MessageTarget::buildSystemTarget();
         $destTarget = MessageTarget::buildQuick($destGeneralID);
         if ($date === null) {
-            $date = new \DateTime();
+            $date = Message::gameNow();
         }
 
         /**
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/ScoutMessage.php b/hwe/sammo/ScoutMessage.php
index e70aff45..202b4a1a 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/ScoutMessage.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/ScoutMessage.php
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class ScoutMessage extends Message
             $this->src,
             $this->dest,
             "{$this->src->nationName}{$josaRo} 등용 제의 수락",
-            new \DateTime(),
+            Message::gameNow(),
             new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
             [
                 'delete' => $this->id
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class ScoutMessage extends Message
             $this->src,
             $this->dest,
             "{$this->src->nationName}{$josaRo} 등용 제의 거부",
-            new \DateTime(),
+            Message::gameNow(),
             new \DateTime('9999-12-31'),
             [
                 'delete' => $this->id
@@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ class ScoutMessage extends Message
         $db = DB::db();
         $srcGeneral = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT `name`, nation FROM general WHERE `no`=%i', $srcGeneralID);
         $destGeneral = $db->queryFirstRow('SELECT `name`, nation, `officer_level` FROM general WHERE `no`=%i', $destGeneralID);
-        if ($date === null) {
-            $date = new \DateTime();
-        }
+        if ($date === null) {
+            $date = Message::gameNow();
+        }
 
         if ($destGeneral['officer_level'] == 12) {
             if ($reason !== null) {
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/TurnExecutionHelper.php b/hwe/sammo/TurnExecutionHelper.php
index 761af2ef..3dc67ce4 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/TurnExecutionHelper.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/TurnExecutionHelper.php
@@ -6,15 +6,20 @@ use sammo\Enums\EventTarget;
 use sammo\Enums\InheritanceKey;
 use \Symfony\Component\Lock;
 
-class TurnExecutionHelper
-{
+class TurnExecutionHelper
+{
     /** @var General*/
     protected $generalObj;
 
-    public function __construct(General $general)
+    public function __construct(General $general)
     {
         $this->generalObj = $general;
-    }
+    }
+
+    public static function monotonicCompletionTick(int $completedTick, int $candidateTick): int
+    {
+        return max($completedTick, $candidateTick);
+    }
 
     public function __destruct()
     {
@@ -450,9 +455,12 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
             updateTraffic();
 
             if ($executionOver) {
-                if ($currentTurn !== null) {
-                    $executed = true;
-                    $gameStor->turntime = $currentTurn;
+                if ($currentTurn !== null) {
+                    $executed = true;
+                    $gameStor->turntime = self::monotonicCompletionTick(
+                        Util::toInt($gameStor->turntime),
+                        $currentTurn,
+                    );
                 }
                 unlock();
                 return $gameStor->turntime;
@@ -497,10 +505,16 @@ class TurnExecutionHelper
             $gameStor->month
         );
 
-        if ($currentTurn !== null) {
-            $executed = true;
-            $gameStor->turntime = $currentTurn;
-        }
+        if ($currentTurn !== null) {
+            $executed = true;
+            // A general's sub-tick can be just before the monthly boundary that
+            // was completed above. Never move the global completion cursor back
+            // behind an already-applied monthly event.
+            $gameStor->turntime = self::monotonicCompletionTick(
+                Util::toInt($gameStor->turntime),
+                $currentTurn,
+            );
+        }
 
         //토너먼트 처리
         processTournament();
diff --git a/hwe/sammo/UserLogger.php b/hwe/sammo/UserLogger.php
index 0ce91599..8ee22cd2 100644
--- a/hwe/sammo/UserLogger.php
+++ b/hwe/sammo/UserLogger.php
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ class UserLogger
         }
 
         $db = DB::db();
-        $date = TimeUtil::now();
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage(KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env'));
+        $date = $clock->formatTick($clock->nowTick());
         $serverID = UniqueConst::$serverID;
         $request = array_map(function ($textAndType) use ($date, $serverID) {
             [$text, $type] = $textAndType;
diff --git a/hwe/sql/schema.sql b/hwe/sql/schema.sql
index db095f46..6eeefdfb 100644
--- a/hwe/sql/schema.sql
+++ b/hwe/sql/schema.sql
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ng_old_nations` (
 	`server_id` CHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
 	`nation` INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
 	`data` LONGTEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}' COLLATE 'utf8mb4_bin',
-	`date` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+	`date` DATETIME NOT NULL,
 	PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
 	INDEX `server_id` (`server_id`, `nation`),
 	CONSTRAINT `json` CHECK (json_valid(`data`))
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ CREATE TABLE `ng_diplomacy` (
 	`state` ENUM('proposed', 'activated', 'cancelled', 'replaced') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'proposed',
 	`text_brief` TEXT NOT NULL,
 	`text_detail` TEXT NOT NULL,
-	`date` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+	`date` DATETIME NOT NULL,
 	`src_signer` INT(11) NOT NULL,
 	`dest_signer` INT(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
 	`aux` TEXT NULL DEFAULT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_bin',
diff --git a/hwe/ts/PageChiefCenter.vue b/hwe/ts/PageChiefCenter.vue
index 2ec3ec78..d9722ff6 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/PageChiefCenter.vue
+++ b/hwe/ts/PageChiefCenter.vue
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
             :maxTurn="maxChiefTurn"
             :maxPushTurn="Math.floor(maxChiefTurn / 2)"
             :date="date"
+            :clockMode="clockMode"
             :officer="officer"
             @raiseReload="reloadTable()"
           />
@@ -139,6 +140,7 @@ const tableObj = reactive<Omit<OptionalFull<ChiefResponse>, "result">>({
   month: undefined,
   turnTerm: undefined,
   date: undefined,
+  clockMode: undefined,
   troopList: undefined,
   chiefList: undefined,
   isChief: undefined,
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ const tableObj = reactive<Omit<OptionalFull<ChiefResponse>, "result">>({
   unitSet: undefined,
 });
 
-const { year, month, turnTerm, date, chiefList, troopList, officerLevel, commandList } = toRefs(tableObj);
+const { year, month, turnTerm, date, clockMode, chiefList, troopList, officerLevel, commandList } = toRefs(tableObj);
 
 let postFilterNationCommand = function (turnObj: TurnObj): TurnObj {
   return turnObj;
diff --git a/hwe/ts/PageVote.vue b/hwe/ts/PageVote.vue
index cf2fc070..fb17ccde 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/PageVote.vue
+++ b/hwe/ts/PageVote.vue
@@ -195,7 +195,6 @@ import { onMounted, reactive, ref, watch, computed } from "vue";
 import type { VoteInfo, VoteDetailResult } from "@/defs/API/Vote";
 import { SammoAPI } from "@/SammoAPI";
 import { isString, range, sum } from "lodash-es";
-import { formatTime } from "@/util/formatTime";
 import { isBrightColor } from "@/util/isBrightColor";
 import { formatVoteColor } from "@/utilGame/formatVoteColor";
 
@@ -239,14 +238,7 @@ const canVote = computed(() => {
   if (currentVote.value.myVote) {
     return false;
   }
-  const endDate = currentVote.value.voteInfo.endDate;
-  if (endDate) {
-    const now = formatTime(new Date());
-    if (now > endDate) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
+  return currentVote.value.isOpen;
 });
 
 const currentVoteID = ref<number>();
diff --git a/hwe/ts/PartialReservedCommand.vue b/hwe/ts/PartialReservedCommand.vue
index 9ae40697..79b5c759 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/PartialReservedCommand.vue
+++ b/hwe/ts/PartialReservedCommand.vue
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
         class="col alert alert-primary m-0 p-0"
         style="text-align: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center"
       >
-        <SimpleClock :serverTime="serverNow" />
+        <SimpleClock :serverTime="serverNow" :running="clockRunning" />
       </div>
       <div class="col d-grid">
         <BDropdown right text="반복">
@@ -467,6 +467,7 @@ async function pushGeneralCommand(amount: number) {
 }
 
 const serverNow = ref(new Date());
+const clockRunning = ref(true);
 
 function pushGeneralCommandSingle(e: Event) {
   //NOTE: split 구현에 버그가 있어서, 수동으로 구분해야함
@@ -548,6 +549,7 @@ async function reloadCommandList() {
   }
 
   serverNow.value = parseTime(result.date);
+  clockRunning.value = result.clockMode === "realtime";
 }
 
 async function reserveCommandDirect(args: [number[], TurnObj][], reload = true): Promise<boolean> {
diff --git a/hwe/ts/components/ChiefReservedCommand.vue b/hwe/ts/components/ChiefReservedCommand.vue
index 94ac76fd..dcd9cf5d 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/components/ChiefReservedCommand.vue
+++ b/hwe/ts/components/ChiefReservedCommand.vue
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
         <div class="row gx-1 gy-1 py-1">
           <div class="col-lg-4 mx-0 mb-0 mt-1 d-grid">
             <div class="alert alert-primary mb-0 center" style="padding: 0.5rem 0">
-              <SimpleClock :serverTime="parseTime(props.date)" />
+              <SimpleClock :serverTime="parseTime(props.date)" :running="props.clockMode === 'realtime'" />
             </div>
           </div>
 
@@ -289,6 +289,10 @@ const props = defineProps({
   maxTurn: VueTypes.integer.isRequired,
   maxPushTurn: VueTypes.integer.isRequired,
   date: VueTypes.string.isRequired,
+  clockMode: {
+    type: String as PropType<"realtime" | "manual">,
+    required: true,
+  },
   year: VueTypes.integer.isRequired,
   month: VueTypes.integer.isRequired,
   turnTerm: VueTypes.integer.isRequired,
diff --git a/hwe/ts/components/MessagePlate.vue b/hwe/ts/components/MessagePlate.vue
index a9d53e67..de87f40f 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/components/MessagePlate.vue
+++ b/hwe/ts/components/MessagePlate.vue
@@ -126,8 +126,6 @@
 
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import type { MsgItem, MsgTarget, MsgType } from "@/defs/API/Message";
-import { parseTime } from "@/util/parseTime";
-import { differenceInMilliseconds, addMinutes } from "date-fns/esm";
 import { computed, onMounted, ref, toRef, watch, type ComputedRef, type Ref } from "vue";
 import linkifyStr from "linkify-string";
 import { SammoAPI } from "@/SammoAPI";
@@ -205,11 +203,10 @@ function testDeletable(msg: MsgItem): boolean {
   if (msg.option.invalid) return false;
   if (!(msg.option.deletable ?? true)) return false;
 
-  const now = new Date();
-  const last5min = addMinutes(parseTime(msg.time), 5);
-  const timeDiff = differenceInMilliseconds(last5min, now);
+  const timeDiff = msg.deleteRemainingMilliseconds;
 
   if (timeDiff <= 0) return false;
+  if (msg.clockMode === "manual") return true;
 
   deletableTimer.value = window.setTimeout(() => {
     deletable.value = testDeletable(msg);
diff --git a/hwe/ts/components/SimpleClock.vue b/hwe/ts/components/SimpleClock.vue
index 23c97ff8..82eacad2 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/components/SimpleClock.vue
+++ b/hwe/ts/components/SimpleClock.vue
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 <script lang="ts" setup>
 import { addMilliseconds } from "date-fns";
-import { type PropType, ref, onMounted, watch } from "vue";
+import { type PropType, ref, onMounted, onUnmounted, watch } from "vue";
 import { formatTime } from "@/util/formatTime";
 const props = defineProps({
   serverTime: {
@@ -17,25 +17,39 @@ const props = defineProps({
     required: false,
     default: "HH:mm:ss",
   },
+  running: {
+    type: Boolean,
+    default: true,
+  },
 });
 
 const timeDiff = ref(0);
 const serverNow = ref("");
 
 watch(
-  () => props.serverTime,
-  (newValue) => {
+  () => [props.serverTime, props.running] as const,
+  ([newValue]) => {
     const clientNow = new Date();
     timeDiff.value = newValue.getTime() - clientNow.getTime();
+    updateNow();
   }
 );
 
+let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
 function updateNow() {
-  const serverNowObj = addMilliseconds(new Date(), timeDiff.value);
+  if (timer !== undefined) {
+    clearTimeout(timer);
+    timer = undefined;
+  }
+  const serverNowObj = props.running
+    ? addMilliseconds(new Date(), timeDiff.value)
+    : props.serverTime;
   serverNow.value = formatTime(serverNowObj, props.timeFormat);
-  setTimeout(() => {
-    updateNow();
-  }, 1000 - serverNowObj.getMilliseconds());
+  if (props.running) {
+    timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      updateNow();
+    }, 1000 - serverNowObj.getMilliseconds());
+  }
 }
 
 onMounted(() => {
@@ -43,4 +57,10 @@ onMounted(() => {
   timeDiff.value = props.serverTime.getTime() - clientNow.getTime();
   updateNow();
 });
+
+onUnmounted(() => {
+  if (timer !== undefined) {
+    clearTimeout(timer);
+  }
+});
 </script>
diff --git a/hwe/ts/defs/API/Command.ts b/hwe/ts/defs/API/Command.ts
index fe3f6e16..84d749b3 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/defs/API/Command.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/defs/API/Command.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ export type ReservedCommandResponse = {
   year: number;
   month: number;
   date: string;
+  clockMode: "realtime" | "manual";
   turn: TurnObj[];
   autorun_limit: null | number;
 };
diff --git a/hwe/ts/defs/API/Message.ts b/hwe/ts/defs/API/Message.ts
index b583bc8f..7af3e920 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/defs/API/Message.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/defs/API/Message.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ export type MsgItem = {
     delete?: number;
   };
   time: string;
+  deleteRemainingMilliseconds: number;
+  clockMode: "realtime" | "manual";
 };
 
 export type MsgPrintItem = MsgItem & {
@@ -77,4 +79,4 @@ export type MailboxItem = {
 export type MabilboxListResponse = {
   result: true,
   nation: MailboxItem[]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/hwe/ts/defs/API/NationCommand.ts b/hwe/ts/defs/API/NationCommand.ts
index 2b00e55c..fbfe3004 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/defs/API/NationCommand.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/defs/API/NationCommand.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ export type ChiefResponse = {
     month: number;
     turnTerm: number;
     date: string;
+    clockMode: "realtime" | "manual";
     chiefList: Record<
         number,
         {
@@ -28,4 +29,4 @@ export type ChiefResponse = {
     }[];
     mapName: string,
     unitSet: string,
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+};
diff --git a/hwe/ts/defs/API/Vote.ts b/hwe/ts/defs/API/Vote.ts
index f0dddd5b..60b5cd56 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/defs/API/Vote.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/defs/API/Vote.ts
@@ -30,4 +30,5 @@ export type VoteDetailResult = ValidResponse & {
   comments: VoteComment[],
   myVote: null|number[],
   userCnt: number,
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  isOpen: boolean,
+}
diff --git a/hwe/ts/gateway/entrance.ts b/hwe/ts/gateway/entrance.ts
index 510a884a..aa082eb8 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/gateway/entrance.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/gateway/entrance.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import axios from 'axios';
 import { initTooltip } from "@/legacy/initTooltip";
 import { TemplateEngine } from '@util/TemplateEngine';
 import type { InvalidResponse } from '@/defs';
-import { getDateTimeNow } from '@util/getDateTimeNow';
 import { setAxiosXMLHttpRequest } from '@util/setAxiosXMLHttpRequest';
 import { loadPlugin as loadAdminPlugin } from '@/gateway/admin_server';
 import '@/gateway/common';
@@ -108,6 +107,7 @@ type ReservedGameInfo = {
 
 type GameInfo = {
     isUnited: number,
+    isOpen: boolean,
     npcMode: '불가' | '가능' | '선택 생성',
     year: number,
     month: number,
@@ -175,7 +175,6 @@ async function Entrance_UpdateServer() {
 
 async function Entrance_drawServerList(serverInfos: ServerResponseItem[]) {
     const $serverList = $('#server_list');
-    const now = getDateTimeNow();
 
     const serverDetailInfoP: Record<string, Promise<ServerDetailResponse>> = {};
 
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ async function Entrance_drawServerList(serverInfos: ServerResponseItem[]) {
         } else if (game.isUnited == 2) {
             $serverHtml.find('.n_country').html('§천하통일§');
             $serverHtml.find('.server_date').html(`${game.starttime} <br>~ ${game.turntime}`);
-        } else if (game.opentime <= now) {
+        } else if (game.isOpen) {
             $serverHtml.find('.n_country').html(`<${game.nationCnt}국 경쟁중>`);
             $serverHtml.find('.server_date').html(`${game.starttime} ~`);
         } else {
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ async function Entrance_drawServerList(serverInfos: ServerResponseItem[]) {
             $serverHtml.find('.server_date').html(`${game.starttime} ~`);
         }
 
-        if (game.opentime <= now) {
+        if (game.isOpen) {
             $serverHtml.append(
                 TemplateEngine(serverTextInfo, game)
             );
@@ -294,4 +293,4 @@ async function Entrance_Logout() {
         return;
     }
     location.href = "../";
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/hwe/ts/msg.ts b/hwe/ts/msg.ts
index de7229fe..f3823e34 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/msg.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/msg.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 
 import $ from 'jquery';
 import type { InvalidResponse } from '@/defs';
-import { getDateTimeNow } from '@util/getDateTimeNow';
 import axios from 'axios';
 import { convertFormData } from '@util/convertFormData';
 import { isBrightColor } from "@util/isBrightColor";
 import { unwrap } from '@util/unwrap';
 import _, { isError, isString } from 'lodash-es';
-import { addMinutes } from 'date-fns';
-import { parseTime } from '@util/parseTime';
-import { formatTime } from '@util/formatTime';
 import { TemplateEngine } from '@util/TemplateEngine';
 import { isNotNull } from '@util/isNotNull';
 import { unwrap_any } from '@util/unwrap_any';
@@ -32,8 +28,8 @@ const messageTemplate = `<div
     </div>
     <div class="msg_body">
         <div class="msg_header">
-            <%if(!this.option.action && src.id == myGeneralID && now <= last5min && invalidType == 'msg_valid' && !deletable){%>
-                <button type="button" data-erase_until="<%last5min%>" class="btn btn btn-outline-warning btn-sm btn-delete-msg" style='float:right'>❌</button>
+            <%if(!this.option.action && src.id == myGeneralID && deleteRemainingMilliseconds > 0 && invalidType == 'msg_valid' && !deletable){%>
+                <button type="button" data-erase_until="<%eraseUntil%>" class="btn btn btn-outline-warning btn-sm btn-delete-msg" style='float:right'>❌</button>
             <%}%>
             <%if(msgType == 'private') {%>
                 <%if(src.name == generalName){%>
@@ -101,8 +97,7 @@ type MsgPrintItem = MsgItem & {
     nationType: 'local' | 'src' | 'dest';
     myGeneralID: number;
     allowButton: boolean;
-    last5min: string;
-    now: string;
+    eraseUntil: number;
     invalidType: 'msg_invalid' | 'msg_valid';
     deletable: boolean;
     src: MsgTarget & { colorType: 'bright' | 'dark' },
@@ -217,7 +212,7 @@ async function showOldMsg(msgType: MsgType): Promise<MsgResponse> {
 function redrawMsg(msgResponse: MsgResponse, addFront: boolean): MsgResponse {
     function checkErasable(obj: MsgResponse) {
 
-        const now = getDateTimeNow();
+        const now = Date.now();
         $('.btn-delete-msg').each(function () {
             const $btn = $(this);
             const eraseUntil = $btn.data('erase_until');
@@ -257,7 +252,6 @@ function redrawMsg(msgResponse: MsgResponse, addFront: boolean): MsgResponse {
 
             let needRefreshLastContact = (msgType == 'private');
 
-            const now = getDateTimeNow();
             //list의 맨 앞이 가장 최신 메시지임.
             const $msgs: JQuery<HTMLElement>[] = msgSource.map(function (msg) {
 
@@ -311,7 +305,9 @@ function redrawMsg(msgResponse: MsgResponse, addFront: boolean): MsgResponse {
                     allowButton = true;
                 }
 
-                const last5min = formatTime(addMinutes(parseTime(msg.time), 5));
+                const eraseUntil = msg.clockMode === "manual"
+                    ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+                    : Date.now() + msg.deleteRemainingMilliseconds;
                 let invalidType: MsgPrintItem['invalidType'];
                 if (msg.option && msg.option.invalid) {
                     invalidType = 'msg_invalid';
@@ -336,9 +332,8 @@ function redrawMsg(msgResponse: MsgResponse, addFront: boolean): MsgResponse {
                     myGeneralID: unwrap(myGeneralID),
                     src,
                     dest,
-                    now,
                     allowButton,
-                    last5min,
+                    eraseUntil,
                     invalidType,
                     deletable,
                     defaultIcon,
@@ -653,4 +648,4 @@ $(async function ($) {
         const msgType = $this.data('msg_type');
         void showOldMsg(msgType);
     })
-});
\ No newline at end of file
+});
diff --git a/hwe/ts/select_general_from_pool.ts b/hwe/ts/select_general_from_pool.ts
index 03801c77..ba72eb84 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/select_general_from_pool.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/select_general_from_pool.ts
@@ -42,8 +42,12 @@ type CardItem = {
 type GeneralPoolResponse = {
     result: true,
     pick: CardItem[],
-    validUntil: string,
-}
+    validUntil: string,
+    validForSeconds: number,
+    clockMode: "realtime" | "manual",
+}
+
+let logicalClockRunning = true;
 
 declare const characterInfo: Record<string, { name: string, info: string }>;
 declare const hasGeneralID: number;
@@ -185,7 +189,10 @@ async function buildGeneral(e: JQuery.Event) {
     location.href = './';
 }
 
-function updateOutdateTimer() {
+function updateOutdateTimer() {
+    if (!logicalClockRunning) {
+        return;
+    }
     const $validUntilText = $('#valid_until_text');
     const now = Date.now();
     const validUntil = $validUntilText.data('until');
@@ -204,10 +211,11 @@ function updateOutdateTimer() {
     setTimeout(updateOutdateTimer, 1000);
 }
 
-function printGenerals(value: GeneralPoolResponse) {
+function printGenerals(value: GeneralPoolResponse) {
+    logicalClockRunning = value.clockMode === "realtime";
     $('.card_holder').empty();
     $('#valid_until').show();
-    $('#valid_until_text').html(value.validUntil).data('until', (new Date(value.validUntil)).getTime()).css('color', 'white');
+    $('#valid_until_text').html(value.validUntil).data('until', Date.now() + value.validForSeconds * 1000).css('color', 'white');
     $('#outdate_token').hide();
 
     const pick = value.pick.map(v => v);//XXX: 의도가 뭐였지? clone?
diff --git a/hwe/ts/select_npc.ts b/hwe/ts/select_npc.ts
index 354fbd32..3adf5920 100644
--- a/hwe/ts/select_npc.ts
+++ b/hwe/ts/select_npc.ts
@@ -68,9 +68,13 @@ type NPCToken = {
     result: true,
     pick: Record<number, NPCPick>,
     pickMoreFrom: string,
-    pickMoreSeconds: number,
-    validUntil: string,
-}
+    pickMoreSeconds: number,
+    validUntil: string,
+    validForSeconds: number,
+    clockMode: "realtime" | "manual",
+}
+
+let logicalClockRunning = true;
 
 const templateGeneralCard =
     '<div class="general_card">\
@@ -146,7 +150,10 @@ async function pickGeneral(this: HTMLElement, e: JQuery.Event) {
     location.href = './';
 }
 
-function updateOutdateTimer() {
+function updateOutdateTimer() {
+    if (!logicalClockRunning) {
+        return;
+    }
     const $validUntilText = $('#valid_until_text');
     const now = Date.now();
     const validUntil = $validUntilText.data('until');
@@ -165,8 +172,15 @@ function updateOutdateTimer() {
     setTimeout(updateOutdateTimer, 1000);
 }
 
-function updatePickMoreTimer() {
-    const $btn = $('#btn_pick_more');
+function updatePickMoreTimer() {
+    const $btn = $('#btn_pick_more');
+
+    if (!logicalClockRunning) {
+        const remain = Number($btn.data('remaining'));
+        $btn.prop('disabled', remain > 0);
+        $btn.html(remain > 0 ? '다른 장수 보기(논리 시계 대기)' : '다른 장수 보기');
+        return;
+    }
 
     const now = Date.now();
     const remain = ($btn.data('available') - now) / 1000;
@@ -181,13 +195,14 @@ function updatePickMoreTimer() {
     setTimeout(updatePickMoreTimer, 250);
 }
 
-function printGenerals(value: NPCToken) {
+function printGenerals(value: NPCToken) {
+    logicalClockRunning = value.clockMode === "realtime";
     $('.card_holder').empty();
     $('#valid_until').show();
-    $('#valid_until_text').html(value.validUntil).data('until', (new Date(value.validUntil)).getTime()).css('color', 'white');
+    $('#valid_until_text').html(value.validUntil).data('until', Date.now() + value.validForSeconds * 1000).css('color', 'white');
     $('#outdate_token').hide();
     const time = Date.now() + value.pickMoreSeconds * 1000;
-    $('#btn_pick_more').data('available', time).prop('disabled', true);
+    $('#btn_pick_more').data('available', time).data('remaining', value.pickMoreSeconds).prop('disabled', true);
 
     const pick = $.map(value.pick, function (value) {
         return value;
diff --git a/scripts/README-game-clock.md b/scripts/README-game-clock.md
index 729f8177..df418966 100644
--- a/scripts/README-game-clock.md
+++ b/scripts/README-game-clock.md
@@ -35,7 +35,12 @@ anchor에 고정하므로 표시 시각이 튀지 않습니다.
 
 ```bash
 php scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php --apply --engine-calls=2
+php scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php --apply --until-unification --max-months=2400
 ```
 
 이 검증기는 manual mode만 허용하고, 엔진 호출 전후 clock tick이 벽시계 때문에
 변하지 않았는지와 마지막 처리 tick이 현재 tick을 넘지 않았는지 검사합니다.
+`--until-unification`은 달력이나 DB 시각을 고쳐 쓰지 않고, 매월 manual clock만
+정확히 다음 turn tick으로 옮긴 뒤 실제 `TurnExecutionHelper`를 반복 호출합니다.
+각 호출에서 시계 고정과 처리 tick 상한을 재검사하고 `isunited=2|3`이 되지 않으면
+성공으로 취급하지 않습니다. 반드시 격리 복제 DB에서 실행하세요.
diff --git a/scripts/migrate-game-clock.php b/scripts/migrate-game-clock.php
index fcca414d..3d3317f6 100644
--- a/scripts/migrate-game-clock.php
+++ b/scripts/migrate-game-clock.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
 use sammo\DB;
+use sammo\DTO\VoteInfo;
 use sammo\GameClock;
 use sammo\Json;
 use sammo\KVStorage;
@@ -269,6 +270,30 @@ try {
             'last천도Trial',
         );
     }
+    foreach ($db->query(
+        'SELECT `key`, value FROM storage WHERE namespace = %s AND `key` LIKE %s AND `key` NOT LIKE %s',
+        'vote',
+        'vote\_%',
+        '%\_wall\_backup',
+    ) as $row) {
+        $rawVote = Json::decode((string)$row['value']);
+        if (!is_array($rawVote)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("{$row['key']} vote 저장값이 객체가 아닙니다.");
+        }
+        $db->insertUpdate('storage', [
+            'namespace' => 'vote',
+            'key' => "{$row['key']}_wall_backup",
+            'value' => Json::encode($rawVote),
+        ]);
+        $db->update('storage', [
+            'value' => Json::encode(VoteInfo::normalizeGameStorage($rawVote, $conversionClock)),
+        ], 'namespace = %s AND `key` = %s', 'vote', $row['key']);
+    }
+
+    // Historical/display DATETIME columns remain dates, but inserts must always
+    // receive a GameClock-projected value rather than silently reading MariaDB time.
+    $db->query('ALTER TABLE ng_old_nations MODIFY `date` DATETIME NOT NULL');
+    $db->query('ALTER TABLE ng_diplomacy MODIFY `date` DATETIME NOT NULL');
 
     $db->query(
         'ALTER TABLE general '
diff --git a/scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php b/scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php
index 432b76a3..2d3eab9c 100644
--- a/scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php
+++ b/scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php
@@ -19,16 +19,25 @@ $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] ??= '/cli/verify-game-clock-engine';
 
 require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/lib.php';
 require dirname(__DIR__) . '/hwe/func.php';
+while (ob_get_level() > 0) {
+    ob_end_flush();
+}
+ob_implicit_flush(true);
 
-$options = getopt('', ['apply', 'engine-calls:']);
+$options = getopt('', ['apply', 'engine-calls:', 'until-unification', 'max-months:']);
 if (!isset($options['apply'])) {
-    fwrite(STDERR, "Usage: php scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php --apply [--engine-calls=N]\n");
+    fwrite(STDERR, "Usage: php scripts/verify-game-clock-engine.php --apply [--engine-calls=N] [--until-unification --max-months=N]\n");
     exit(2);
 }
-$engineCalls = filter_var($options['engine-calls'] ?? '1', FILTER_VALIDATE_INT);
+$untilUnification = isset($options['until-unification']);
+$engineCalls = filter_var($options['engine-calls'] ?? ($untilUnification ? '100' : '1'), FILTER_VALIDATE_INT);
 if ($engineCalls === false || $engineCalls < 1 || $engineCalls > 1000) {
     throw new InvalidArgumentException('--engine-calls는 1..1000이어야 합니다.');
 }
+$maxMonths = filter_var($options['max-months'] ?? '2400', FILTER_VALIDATE_INT);
+if ($maxMonths === false || $maxMonths < 1 || $maxMonths > 10000) {
+    throw new InvalidArgumentException('--max-months는 1..10000이어야 합니다.');
+}
 
 $db = DB::db();
 $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
@@ -39,6 +48,112 @@ if ($clock->getMode() !== GameClock::MODE_MANUAL) {
 
 $fixedNowTick = $clock->nowTick();
 $before = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turntime']);
+
+if ($untilUnification) {
+    $startedAt = GameClock::readWallTime();
+    $startProjection = $clock->formatTick($fixedNowTick, true);
+    $advancedMonths = 0;
+    $totalEngineCalls = 0;
+    while ($advancedMonths < $maxMonths) {
+        $gameStor->resetCache();
+        $state = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turntime', 'turnterm', 'isunited']);
+        if (in_array(Util::toInt($state['isunited']), [2, 3], true)) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        $beforeYearMonth = Util::joinYearMonth(Util::toInt($state['year']), Util::toInt($state['month']));
+        $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+        $nextMonthBoundary = $clock->addTurns(
+            \sammo\cutTurn(Util::toInt($state['turntime']), Util::toInt($state['turnterm'])),
+            1,
+        );
+        $nextMonthTick = GameClock::addTicks($nextMonthBoundary, 1);
+
+        if (!\sammo\tryLock()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('manual clock 전진을 위한 GAME lock을 획득하지 못했습니다.');
+        }
+        try {
+            $clock->persistTick($gameStor, $nextMonthTick, GameClock::MODE_MANUAL);
+        } finally {
+            $gameStor->resetCache();
+            \sammo\unlock();
+        }
+
+        $monthAdvanced = false;
+        for ($call = 0; $call < $engineCalls; $call++) {
+            $executed = false;
+            $locked = false;
+            TurnExecutionHelper::executeAllCommand($executed, $locked);
+            $totalEngineCalls++;
+            $gameStor->resetCache();
+            $clock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+            if ($clock->getMode() !== GameClock::MODE_MANUAL || $clock->nowTick() !== $nextMonthTick) {
+                throw new RuntimeException('실제 턴 엔진 실행 중 manual clock 상태가 벽시계에 의해 바뀌었습니다.');
+            }
+            $afterCall = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turntime', 'isunited']);
+            if (Util::toInt($afterCall['turntime']) > $nextMonthTick) {
+                throw new RuntimeException('마지막 실행 tick이 현재 manual clock tick을 넘어갔습니다.');
+            }
+            if (in_array(Util::toInt($afterCall['isunited']), [2, 3], true)) {
+                $monthAdvanced = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            // turntime is the authoritative completed schedule boundary. Some
+            // legacy monthly state is cached until the next storage read, so do
+            // not spin merely because year/month from that same call is stale.
+            if (Util::toInt($afterCall['turntime']) >= $nextMonthBoundary) {
+                $monthAdvanced = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            $afterYearMonth = Util::joinYearMonth(Util::toInt($afterCall['year']), Util::toInt($afterCall['month']));
+            if ($afterYearMonth !== $beforeYearMonth) {
+                $monthAdvanced = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            if ($locked) {
+                throw new RuntimeException('통일 전 실제 턴 엔진이 GAME lock 또는 동결 상태에 머물렀습니다.');
+            }
+        }
+        if (!$monthAdvanced) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("한 달을 {$engineCalls}회 엔진 호출 안에 완료하지 못했습니다.");
+        }
+
+        $advancedMonths++;
+        if ($advancedMonths % 12 === 0) {
+            $gameStor->resetCache();
+            printf(
+                "progress months=%d game=%d-%02d clock_tick=%d nations=%d engine_calls=%d\n",
+                $advancedMonths,
+                Util::toInt($gameStor->year),
+                Util::toInt($gameStor->month),
+                GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick(),
+                Util::toInt($db->queryFirstField('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM nation WHERE level > 0')),
+                $totalEngineCalls,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    $gameStor->resetCache();
+    $finalState = $gameStor->getValues(['year', 'month', 'turntime', 'isunited']);
+    if (!in_array(Util::toInt($finalState['isunited']), [2, 3], true)) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("{$maxMonths}개월 안에 천하통일에 도달하지 못했습니다.");
+    }
+    $finalClock = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor);
+    printf(
+        "UNIFIED months=%d engine_calls=%d game=%d-%02d isunited=%d clock_tick=%d projected=%s start_projected=%s wall_elapsed=%.6f\n",
+        $advancedMonths,
+        $totalEngineCalls,
+        Util::toInt($finalState['year']),
+        Util::toInt($finalState['month']),
+        Util::toInt($finalState['isunited']),
+        $finalClock->nowTick(),
+        $finalClock->formatNow(true),
+        $startProjection,
+        (float)GameClock::readWallTime()->format('U.u') - (float)$startedAt->format('U.u'),
+    );
+    exit(0);
+}
+
 $executedCount = 0;
 for ($call = 0; $call < $engineCalls; $call++) {
     $executed = false;
diff --git a/src/sammo/GameClock.php b/src/sammo/GameClock.php
index 0103ff67..cc874989 100644
--- a/src/sammo/GameClock.php
+++ b/src/sammo/GameClock.php
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ final class GameClock
         return self::addTicks($this->anchorTick, $this->ticksBetween($this->wallAnchor, $this->wallNow()));
     }
 
+    public function nowDateTime(): \DateTimeImmutable
+    {
+        return $this->tickToDateTime($this->nowTick());
+    }
+
     public function ticksFromSeconds(int|float $seconds): int
     {
         if (is_int($seconds)) {
@@ -207,6 +212,11 @@ final class GameClock
         return TimeUtil::format($this->tickToDateTime($tick), $withFraction);
     }
 
+    public function formatNow(bool $withFraction = false): string
+    {
+        return $this->formatTick($this->nowTick(), $withFraction);
+    }
+
     public static function baseTimeForProjection(
         \DateTimeInterface $projectedTime,
         int $tick,
@@ -249,7 +259,7 @@ final class GameClock
 
     public function advance(KVStorage $gameStor, int $deltaTick): int
     {
-        $nextTick = $this->nowTick() + $deltaTick;
+        $nextTick = self::addTicks($this->nowTick(), $deltaTick);
         $this->persistTick($gameStor, $nextTick);
         return $nextTick;
     }
diff --git a/src/sammo/Session.php b/src/sammo/Session.php
index 86ed2e82..0f749173 100644
--- a/src/sammo/Session.php
+++ b/src/sammo/Session.php
@@ -239,13 +239,16 @@ class Session
         $loginDate = $this->get($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_DATE);
         $generalID = $this->get($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_GENERAL_ID);
         $generalName = $this->get($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_GENERAL_NAME);
-        $deadTime = $this->get($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_EXPECTED_DEADTIME);
+        $deadTick = $this->get($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_EXPECTED_DEADTIME);
 
-        $now = time();
+        $wallNow = time();
+        $db = DB::db();
+        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
+        $gameNowTick = GameClock::fromStorage($gameStor)->nowTick();
         if (
             $globalLoginDate < $loginDate &&
-            $generalID && $generalName && $loginDate && $deadTime
-            && $loginDate + 1800 > $now && $deadTime > $now
+            $generalID && $generalName && $loginDate && $deadTick
+            && $loginDate + 1800 > $wallNow && $deadTick > $gameNowTick
         ) {
             //로그인 정보는 30분간 유지한다.
             if ($result !== null) {
@@ -254,13 +257,10 @@ class Session
             return $this;
         }
 
-        if ($generalID || $generalName || $loginDate || $deadTime) {
+        if ($generalID || $generalName || $loginDate || $deadTick) {
             $this->logoutGame();
         }
 
-        $db = DB::db();
-        $gameStor = KVStorage::getStorage($db, 'game_env');
-
         $general = $db->queryFirstRow(
             'SELECT `no`, `name`, `killturn`, `turntime` from general where `owner` = %i',
             $userID
@@ -272,16 +272,15 @@ class Session
             return $this;
         }
 
-        $turnterm = $gameStor->turnterm;
         $isUnited = $gameStor->isunited != 0;
 
         $generalID = $general['no'];
         $generalName = $general['name'];
-        $nextTurn = new \DateTime($general['turntime']);
-        $nextTurn = $nextTurn->getTimestamp();
-
-        $deadTime = $nextTurn + $general['killturn'] * $turnterm;
-        if ($deadTime < $now && !$isUnited) {
+        $deadTick = GameClock::addTicks(
+            Util::toInt($general['turntime']),
+            Util::toInt($general['killturn']) * GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN,
+        );
+        if ($deadTick < $gameNowTick && !$isUnited) {
             $locked = $db->queryFirstField('SELECT plock FROM plock WHERE `type` = "GAME" LIMIT 1');
             if (!$locked) {
                 if ($result !== null) {
@@ -291,10 +290,10 @@ class Session
             }
         }
 
-        $this->set($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_DATE, $now);
+        $this->set($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_DATE, $wallNow);
         $this->set($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_GENERAL_ID, $generalID);
         $this->set($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_GENERAL_NAME, $generalName);
-        $this->set($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_EXPECTED_DEADTIME, $deadTime);
+        $this->set($serverID.static::GAME_KEY_EXPECTED_DEADTIME, $deadTick);
         return $this;
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/GameClockBoundaryTest.php b/tests/GameClockBoundaryTest.php
index 033cfb00..31b763c0 100644
--- a/tests/GameClockBoundaryTest.php
+++ b/tests/GameClockBoundaryTest.php
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ final class GameClockBoundaryTest extends TestCase
             '/\bNOW\s*\(/i',
             '/\bCURRENT_TIMESTAMP\b/i',
             '/\bCURDATE\s*\(/i',
+            '/\btime\s*\(/i',
         ] as $pattern) {
             self::assertDoesNotMatchRegularExpression($pattern, $source, $relativePath);
         }
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ final class GameClockBoundaryTest extends TestCase
 
     public static function gameSchedulingFiles(): array
     {
-        return array_map(static fn (string $path): array => [$path], [
+        $paths = [
             'hwe/sammo/TurnExecutionHelper.php',
             'hwe/sammo/Auction.php',
             'hwe/sammo/AuctionBasicResource.php',
@@ -36,7 +37,43 @@ final class GameClockBoundaryTest extends TestCase
             'hwe/sammo/AbsFromUserPool.php',
             'hwe/sammo/GeneralPool/RandomNameGeneral.php',
             'hwe/sammo/API/General/DieOnPrestart.php',
-        ]);
+            'hwe/sammo/Message.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/DiplomaticMessage.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/ScoutMessage.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/RaiseInvaderMessage.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/GeneralAI.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/API/Vote/NewVote.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/API/Vote/Vote.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteList.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/API/Vote/GetVoteDetail.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/API/Vote/AddComment.php',
+            'hwe/sammo/API/Nation/SetNotice.php',
+            'hwe/j_get_select_npc_token.php',
+            'hwe/j_get_select_pool.php',
+            'hwe/j_set_npc_control.php',
+            'hwe/j_board_article_add.php',
+            'hwe/j_board_comment_add.php',
+            'hwe/a_traffic.php',
+            'hwe/j_server_basic_info.php',
+            'hwe/j_diplomacy_send_letter.php',
+            'hwe/j_diplomacy_respond_letter.php',
+            'hwe/j_diplomacy_destroy_letter.php',
+            'hwe/j_diplomacy_rollback_letter.php',
+        ];
+        foreach (['hwe/sammo/Command', 'hwe/sammo/Event'] as $relativeDirectory) {
+            $iterator = new \RecursiveIteratorIterator(new \RecursiveDirectoryIterator(
+                __DIR__ . '/../' . $relativeDirectory,
+                \FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS,
+            ));
+            foreach ($iterator as $file) {
+                if ($file->isFile() && $file->getExtension() === 'php') {
+                    $paths[] = $relativeDirectory . '/' . $iterator->getSubPathName();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        $paths = array_values(array_unique($paths));
+        sort($paths);
+        return array_map(static fn (string $path): array => [$path], $paths);
     }
 
     public function testTickSchemaDoesNotUseDatabaseDefaultsForGameSchedules(): void
@@ -55,5 +92,55 @@ final class GameClockBoundaryTest extends TestCase
         ] as $expected) {
             self::assertStringContainsString($expected, $schema);
         }
+        self::assertDoesNotMatchRegularExpression('/\b(?:CURRENT_TIMESTAMP|NOW\s*\()/i', $schema);
     }
+
+    public function testMonthlyTrafficTimestampUsesLogicalClock(): void
+    {
+        $source = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../hwe/func.php');
+        self::assertIsString($source);
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/function updateTraffic\(\).*?GameClock::fromStorage\(\$gameStor\)->formatNow\(\).*?function CheckOverhead\(/s',
+            $source,
+        );
+        self::assertDoesNotMatchRegularExpression(
+            '/function updateTraffic\(\).*?TimeUtil::now\(.*?function CheckOverhead\(/s',
+            $source,
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testGameLoginDeathCheckUsesTicksWhileSessionTtlRemainsOperational(): void
+    {
+        $source = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../src/sammo/Session.php');
+        self::assertIsString($source);
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/function loginGame\(.*?GameClock::fromStorage\(\$gameStor\)->nowTick\(\).*?GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN.*?function logoutGame\(/s',
+            $source,
+        );
+        self::assertDoesNotMatchRegularExpression(
+            '/function loginGame\(.*?new\s+\\?DateTime(?:Immutable)?\([^)]*turntime.*?function logoutGame\(/s',
+            $source,
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testBrowserDoesNotCompareProjectedGameDatesToItsWallClock(): void
+    {
+        $expectations = [
+            'hwe/ts/PageVote.vue' => ['currentVote.value.isOpen'],
+            'hwe/ts/components/MessagePlate.vue' => ['msg.clockMode === "manual"'],
+            'hwe/ts/gateway/entrance.ts' => ['game.isOpen'],
+            'hwe/ts/select_npc.ts' => ['logicalClockRunning'],
+            'hwe/ts/select_general_from_pool.ts' => ['logicalClockRunning'],
+        ];
+        foreach ($expectations as $path => $needles) {
+            $source = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../' . $path);
+            self::assertIsString($source);
+            foreach ($needles as $needle) {
+                self::assertStringContainsString($needle, $source, $path);
+            }
+        }
+        self::assertStringNotContainsString('formatTime(new Date())', file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../hwe/ts/PageVote.vue'));
+        self::assertStringNotContainsString('game.opentime <= now', file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../hwe/ts/gateway/entrance.ts'));
+    }
+
 }
diff --git a/tests/GameClockTest.php b/tests/GameClockTest.php
index 74a08208..d62cfc30 100644
--- a/tests/GameClockTest.php
+++ b/tests/GameClockTest.php
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ namespace sammo;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
 
 require_once __DIR__ . '/../src/sammo/GameClock.php';
+require_once __DIR__ . '/../hwe/sammo/TurnExecutionHelper.php';
 
 final class GameClockTest extends TestCase
 {
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ final class GameClockTest extends TestCase
         );
 
         self::assertSame(123_456, $clock->nowTick());
+        self::assertSame($clock->formatTick(123_456), $clock->formatNow());
         self::assertFalse($wallRead);
     }
 
@@ -96,4 +98,10 @@ final class GameClockTest extends TestCase
         $this->expectException(\OverflowException::class);
         GameClock::addTicks(GameClock::MAX_SAFE_TICK, 1);
     }
+
+    public function testGlobalCompletionTickIsMonotonicAcrossSubTickExecution(): void
+    {
+        self::assertSame(36_000_000, TurnExecutionHelper::monotonicCompletionTick(36_000_000, 35_500_000));
+        self::assertSame(36_500_000, TurnExecutionHelper::monotonicCompletionTick(36_000_000, 36_500_000));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/VoteGameClockTest.php b/tests/VoteGameClockTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6831b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/VoteGameClockTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace sammo;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+use sammo\DTO\VoteInfo;
+
+require_once __DIR__ . '/../src/sammo/GameClock.php';
+require_once __DIR__ . '/../hwe/sammo/DTO/VoteInfo.php';
+
+final class VoteGameClockTest extends TestCase
+{
+    public function testLegacyDatesAreConvertedToStableTicksAndProjectedAgain(): void
+    {
+        $base = new \DateTimeImmutable('2035-01-01 00:00:00.000000');
+        $clock = new GameClock($base, 60, 0, GameClock::MODE_MANUAL, $base);
+        $raw = [
+            'id' => 7,
+            'title' => '논리 시계 투표',
+            'multipleOptions' => 1,
+            'opener' => 'SYSTEM',
+            'startDate' => '2035-01-01 01:00:00',
+            'endDate' => '2035-01-01 03:00:00',
+            'options' => ['찬성', '반대'],
+        ];
+
+        $stored = VoteInfo::normalizeGameStorage($raw, $clock);
+
+        self::assertSame(GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN, $stored['startTick']);
+        self::assertSame(GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * 3, $stored['endTick']);
+        self::assertSame('2035-01-01 01:00:00', $stored['startDate']);
+        self::assertSame('2035-01-01 03:00:00', $stored['endDate']);
+    }
+
+    public function testStoredTicksRemainAuthoritativeWhenProjectionBaseChanges(): void
+    {
+        $oldBase = new \DateTimeImmutable('2035-01-01 00:00:00');
+        $newBase = new \DateTimeImmutable('2040-05-01 12:00:00');
+        $clock = new GameClock($newBase, 60, 0, GameClock::MODE_MANUAL, $newBase);
+        $stored = [
+            'id' => 8,
+            'title' => 'tick 우선',
+            'multipleOptions' => 1,
+            'opener' => null,
+            'startDate' => $oldBase->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            'endDate' => $oldBase->modify('+1 hour')->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            'startTick' => GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * 2,
+            'endTick' => GameClock::TICKS_PER_TURN * 4,
+            'options' => ['A'],
+        ];
+
+        $normalized = VoteInfo::normalizeGameStorage($stored, $clock);
+        self::assertSame('2040-05-01 14:00:00', $normalized['startDate']);
+        self::assertSame('2040-05-01 16:00:00', $normalized['endDate']);
+    }
+}